Merged in MHR-36 (pull request #17)

MHR-36

33 files changed, 376 insertions, 255 deletions

diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CPUID.hxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CPUID.hxx
index 602b2466..5c05277e 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CPUID.hxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CPUID.hxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 	File: CPUID.hxx
 	Purpose: CPUID flags.
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalACPIFactoryInterface.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalACPIFactoryInterface.cxx
index ca6a7417..6f66ae5b 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalACPIFactoryInterface.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalACPIFactoryInterface.cxx
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
 #include <Modules/ACPI/ACPIFactoryInterface.hxx>
-#include <HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hpp>
+#include <HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hxx>
 #include <NewKit/String.hpp>
 #include <ArchKit/ArchKit.hpp>
-#include <KernelKit/KernelHeap.hpp>
+#include <KernelKit/Heap.hxx>
 
 namespace Kernel
 {
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ namespace Kernel
 		{
 			SDT& sdt = *reinterpret_cast<SDT*>(xsdt->AddressArr[index]);
 
-			kcout << "ACPI: Revision: " << number(sdt.CreatorID) << endl;
+			kcout << "ACPI: Checksum: " << number(sdt.Checksum) << endl;
+			kcout << "ACPI: Revision: " << number(sdt.Revision) << endl;
 
 			for (short signature_index = 0; signature_index < cAcpiSignatureLength; ++signature_index)
 			{
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalAPIC.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalAPIC.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34ec7494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalAPIC.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
+
+------------------------------------------- */
+
+#include <Modules/ACPI/ACPIFactoryInterface.hxx>
+#include <HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hxx>
+
+namespace Kernel::HAL
+{
+	/// @brief Read from APIC controller.
+	/// @param reg register.
+	UInt32 APICController::Read(UInt32 reg) noexcept
+	{
+		MUST_PASS(this->fApic);
+
+		UInt32 volatile* ioapic = (UInt32 volatile*)this->fApic;
+		ioapic[0]				= (reg & 0xff);
+
+		return ioapic[4];
+	}
+
+	/// @brief Write to APIC controller.
+	/// @param reg register.
+	/// @param value value.
+	Void APICController::Write(UInt32 reg, UInt32 value) noexcept
+	{
+		MUST_PASS(this->fApic);
+
+		UInt32 volatile* ioapic = (UInt32 volatile*)this->fApic;
+
+		ioapic[0] = (reg & 0xFF);
+		ioapic[4] = value;
+	}
+} // namespace Kernel::HAL
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalNewBoot.asm b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalBoot.asm
index 5f0342a3..ab8273a1 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalNewBoot.asm
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalBoot.asm
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 ;; *	========================================================
 ;; *
 ;; *	Kernel
-;; * 	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation, all rights reserved.
+;; * 	Copyright ZKA Technologies, all rights reserved.
 ;; *
 ;; * 	========================================================
 ;; */
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalControlRegister.s b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalControlRegister.s
index 20eda96f..34b3da90 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalControlRegister.s
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalControlRegister.s
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-    Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+    Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandlerAMD64.cpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandlerAMD64.cxx
index f41ee55e..29c0f3c7 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandlerAMD64.cpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandlerAMD64.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ EXTERN_C void idt_handle_gpf(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp)
 {
 	Kernel::kcout
 		<< "newoskrnl: General Protection Fault, caused by "
-		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetName();
+		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetProcessName();
 
 	Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().Crash();
 }
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ EXTERN_C void idt_handle_pf(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp)
 {
 	Kernel::kcout
 		<< "newoskrnl: Segmentation Fault, caused by "
-		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetName();
+		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetProcessName();
 
 	Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().Crash();
 }
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ EXTERN_C void idt_handle_math(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp)
 {
 	Kernel::kcout
 		<< "newoskrnl: Math error, caused by "
-		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetName();
+		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetProcessName();
 
 	Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().Crash();
 }
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ EXTERN_C void idt_handle_generic(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp)
 {
 	Kernel::kcout
 		<< "newoskrnl: Execution error, caused by "
-		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetName();
+		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetProcessName();
 
 	Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().Crash();
 }
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ EXTERN_C void idt_handle_ud(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp)
 {
 	Kernel::kcout
 		<< "newoskrnl: Invalid interrupt, caused by "
-		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetName();
+		<< Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().GetProcessName();
 
 	Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().Crash();
 }
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreMultiProcessingAMD64.cpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreMultiProcessingAMD64.cxx
index 94fe68ad..48d737fe 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreMultiProcessingAMD64.cpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreMultiProcessingAMD64.cxx
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
 #include <Modules/ACPI/ACPIFactoryInterface.hxx>
-#include <HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hpp>
+#include <HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hxx>
 #include <NewKit/KernelCheck.hpp>
 #include <ArchKit/ArchKit.hpp>
 #include <KernelKit/Semaphore.hpp>
@@ -17,10 +17,14 @@
 #define kAPIC_SIPI_Vector 0x00500
 #define kAPIC_EIPI_Vector 0x00400
 
+#define kAPIC_BASE_MSR		  0x1B
+#define kAPIC_BASE_MSR_BSP	  0x100
+#define kAPIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE 0x800
+
 /// @brief assembly routine. internal use only.
 EXTERN_C void _hal_enable_smp(void);
 
-/// @note: _hal_switch_context
+/// @note: _hal_switch_context is internal
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
@@ -57,8 +61,8 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 		} Selector;
 	};
 
-	STATIC voidPtr	   kApicMadt	  = nullptr;
-	STATIC const char* kApicSignature = "APIC";
+	STATIC VoidPtr	   kApicMadt	  = nullptr;
+	STATIC const Char* kApicSignature = "APIC";
 
 	/// @brief Multiple APIC Descriptor Table.
 	struct MadtType final : public SDT
@@ -122,11 +126,7 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 		UInt32	fKind{0};
 	} kApicMadtAddresses[255] = {};
 
-	STATIC SizeT   kApicMadtAddressesCount = 0UL;
-	STATIC UIntPtr cBaseAddressAPIC		   = 0xFEE00000;
-
-	/// @brief this will help us schedule our cores.
-	STATIC Boolean* cProgramInitialized = nullptr;
+	STATIC SizeT kApicMadtAddressesCount = 0UL;
 
 	enum
 	{
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 	/// @return
 	Void hal_send_start_ipi(UInt32 apicId, UInt8 vector, UInt32 targetAddress)
 	{
-		Kernel::ke_dma_write(targetAddress, kAPIC_ICR_High, apicId << 24);
+		Kernel::ke_dma_write(targetAddress, kAPIC_ICR_High, (apicId << 24));
 		Kernel::ke_dma_write(targetAddress, kAPIC_ICR_Low, kAPIC_SIPI_Vector | vector);
 	}
 
@@ -159,25 +159,23 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 		Kernel::ke_dma_write(targetAddress, kAPIC_ICR_Low, kAPIC_EIPI_Vector | vector);
 	}
 
-	STATIC HAL::StackFramePtr cFramePtr = nullptr;
-	STATIC Int32		      cSMPInterrupt = 0x40;
-
-	EXTERN_C Void hal_apic_acknowledge_cont(Void)
-	{
-		kcout << "newoskrnl: stopping core...\r";
-		ke_stop(RUNTIME_CHECK_BOOTSTRAP);
-	}
+	STATIC HAL::StackFramePtr cFramePtr		= nullptr;
+	STATIC Int32			  cSMPInterrupt = 34;
 
+	/// @brief Current context getter.
+	/// @retval StackFramePtr the current context.
 	EXTERN_C StackFramePtr _hal_leak_current_context(Void)
 	{
 		return cFramePtr;
 	}
 
+	/// @internal
 	EXTERN_C Void hal_apic_acknowledge(Void)
 	{
-		hal_apic_acknowledge_cont();
+		kcout << "newoskrnl: acknowledge APIC.\r";
 	}
 
+	/// @internal
 	EXTERN_C Void _hal_switch_context(HAL::StackFramePtr stackFrame)
 	{
 		hal_switch_context(stackFrame);
@@ -187,17 +185,37 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 	{
 		Semaphore sem;
 
-		HardwareTimer timer(Seconds(5));
+		constexpr auto cSeconds = 1U;
+
+		HardwareTimer timer(Seconds(cSeconds));
 		sem.LockOrWait(&ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak(), &timer);
 
 		cFramePtr = stackFrame;
 
-		/// yes the exception field contains the core id.
-		hal_send_start_ipi(stackFrame->Rcx, cSMPInterrupt, cBaseAddressAPIC);
-
 		sem.Unlock();
 	}
 
+	STATIC auto cAPICAddress = 0x0FEC00000;
+
+	STATIC Void cpu_set_apic_base(UIntPtr apic)
+	{
+		UInt32 edx = 0;
+		UInt32 eax = (apic & 0xfffff0000) | kAPIC_BASE_MSR_ENABLE;
+
+		edx = (apic >> 32) & 0x0f;
+
+		hal_set_msr(kAPIC_BASE_MSR, eax, edx);
+	}
+
+	STATIC UIntPtr cpu_get_apic_base(Void)
+	{
+		UInt32 eax, edx;
+
+		hal_get_msr(kAPIC_BASE_MSR, &eax, &edx);
+
+		return (eax & 0xfffff000) | ((UIntPtr)(edx & 0x0f) << 32);
+	}
+
 	/// @brief Fetch and enable cores inside main CPU.
 	/// @param rsdPtr RSD PTR structure.
 	Void hal_system_get_cores(voidPtr rsdPtr)
@@ -209,47 +227,14 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 		{
 			MadtType* madt = reinterpret_cast<MadtType*>(kApicMadt);
 
-			constexpr auto cMaxProbableCores = 4; // the amount of cores we want.
-			constexpr auto cStartAt			 = 0; // start here to avoid boot core.
-
-			for (SizeT coreAt = cStartAt; coreAt < cMaxProbableCores; ++coreAt)
-			{
-				if (madt->MadtRecords[coreAt].Flags < kThreadBoot) // if local apic.
-				{
-					MadtType::MadtAddress& madtRecord = madt->MadtRecords[coreAt];
-
-					// then register as a core for scheduler.
-					kcout << "newoskrnl: Register APIC.\r";
-
-					kApicMadtAddresses[kApicMadtAddressesCount].fAddress = madtRecord.Address;
-					kApicMadtAddresses[kApicMadtAddressesCount].fKind	 = madt->MadtRecords[coreAt].Flags;
+			cpu_set_apic_base(cpu_get_apic_base());
 
-					++kApicMadtAddressesCount;
-				}
-			}
+			// set SVR register to bit 8 to start recieve interrupts.
 
-			///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-			/// Start local APIC now.
-			///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-			auto flagsSet = Kernel::ke_dma_read(cBaseAddressAPIC, 0xF0); // SVR register.
-
-			// enable APIC.
+			auto flagsSet = Kernel::ke_dma_read(cAPICAddress, 0xF0); // SVR register.
 			flagsSet |= 0x100;
 
-			Kernel::ke_dma_write(cBaseAddressAPIC, 0xF0, flagsSet);
-
-			/// Set sprurious interrupt vector.
-			Kernel::ke_dma_write(cBaseAddressAPIC, 0xF0, 0x100 | 0xFF);
-
-			// highest task priority. for our realtime kernel.
-			Kernel::ke_dma_write(cBaseAddressAPIC, 0x21, 0);
-
-			cProgramInitialized = new Boolean(true);
-
-			constexpr auto cWhatCore		 = 1;
-
-			hal_send_start_ipi(cWhatCore, cSMPInterrupt, cBaseAddressAPIC);
+			Kernel::ke_dma_write(cAPICAddress, 0xF0, flagsSet | 0x100);
 		}
 		else
 		{
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cxx
index 3dd70dc6..36ae96b0 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ namespace Kernel
 
 		/// @brief Init COM1.
 		/// @return
-		bool serial_init() noexcept
+		bool hal_serial_init() noexcept
 		{
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
 			if (kState == kStateReady || kState == kStateTransmit)
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ namespace Kernel
 	EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(const char* bytes)
 	{
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
-		Detail::serial_init();
+		Detail::hal_serial_init();
 
 		if (!bytes || Detail::kState != kStateReady)
 			return;
@@ -74,7 +74,10 @@ namespace Kernel
 		Detail::kState = kStateTransmit;
 
 		SizeT index = 0;
-		SizeT len	= rt_string_len(bytes, 256);
+		SizeT len	= 0;
+
+		index = 0;
+		len	= rt_string_len(bytes, 255);
 
 		while (index < len)
 		{
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ namespace Kernel
 	EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(const char* bytes)
 	{
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
-		Detail::serial_init();
+		Detail::hal_serial_init();
 
 		if (!bytes || Detail::kState != kStateReady)
 			return;
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugPort.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugPort.cxx
index a29a8129..8a161cc7 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugPort.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugPort.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cxx
index 964b402a..7ded9259 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -61,13 +61,14 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 		{
 			MUST_PASS(baseIdt[i]);
 
-			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].Selector		= kGdtCodeSelector;
+			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].Selector		= (i == kSyscallRoute) ? ((3 * 8) | 3) :  kGdtCodeSelector;
 			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].Ist			= 0x0;
 			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].TypeAttributes = kInterruptGate;
-			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].OffsetLow		= ((UIntPtr)baseIdt[i] & 0xFFFF);
-			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].OffsetMid		= (((UIntPtr)baseIdt[i] >> 16) & 0xFFFF);
+			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].OffsetLow		= ((UIntPtr)baseIdt[i] & __INT16_MAX__);
+			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].OffsetMid		= (((UIntPtr)baseIdt[i] >> 16) & __INT16_MAX__);
 			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].OffsetHigh =
-				(((UIntPtr)baseIdt[i] >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+				(((UIntPtr)baseIdt[i] >> 32) & __INT32_MAX__);
+
 			Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[i].Zero = 0x0;
 		}
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalHart.cpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalHart.cxx
index 2a12ec50..adbf148c 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalHart.cpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalHart.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalInstallTIB.asm b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalInstallTIB.asm
deleted file mode 100644
index aad5d6d0..00000000
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalInstallTIB.asm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-;; /*
-;; *	========================================================
-;; *
-;; *	Kernel
-;; * 	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation, all rights reserved.
-;; *
-;; * 	========================================================
-;; */
-
-[bits 64]
-
-[global rt_install_tib]
-
-section .text
-
-;; changed: rs, fs
-;; expected: rcx, rdx
-
-rt_install_tib:
-	mov rcx, gs ;; TIB -> Thread Information Block
-	mov rdx, fs ;; PIB -> Process Information Block
-	ret
-
-;; //////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;;
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalInterruptAPI.asm b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalInterruptAPI.asm
index 016c9cd8..c09d5a06 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalInterruptAPI.asm
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalInterruptAPI.asm
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ;; /*
 ;; *    ---------------------------------------------------
 ;; *
-;; * 	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation, all rights reserved.
+;; * 	Copyright ZKA Technologies, all rights reserved.
 ;; *
 ;; *    File: HalInterruptAPI.asm
 ;; *    Purpose: Interrupt routing, redirect raw interrupts into their handlers.
@@ -121,53 +121,16 @@ IntNormal 31
 
 [extern hal_apic_acknowledge]
 
-__NEW_INT_32:
-;; make this active, SMP works again.
-%if 0
+__NEW_INT_34:
     push rax
-    push rcx
-    push rdx
-    push rbx
-    push rbp
-    push rsi
-    push rdi
-    push r8
-    push r9
-    push r10
-    push r11
-    push r12
-    push r13
-    push r14
-    push r15
-
-    jmp hal_apic_acknowledge
-
-    pop r15
-    pop r14
-    pop r13
-    pop r12
-    pop r11
-    pop r10
-    pop r9
-    pop r8
-    pop rdi
-    pop rsi
-    pop rbp
-    pop rbx
-    pop rdx
-    pop rcx
+    call hal_apic_acknowledge
     pop rax
 
-    mov rax, 0
-
-    ;; tell there local apic that we're done.
-    mov [0xFEE00000 + 0xB0], rax ; LAPIC_EOI
-%endif
     iretq
 
-IntNormal 33
+IntNormal 32
 
-IntNormal 34
+IntNormal 33
 IntNormal 35
 IntNormal 36
 IntNormal 37
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cxx
index 628314b5..1628e5e9 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -9,21 +9,26 @@
 #include <FirmwareKit/Handover.hxx>
 #include <KernelKit/FileManager.hpp>
 #include <KernelKit/Framebuffer.hpp>
-#include <KernelKit/KernelHeap.hpp>
+#include <KernelKit/Heap.hxx>
 #include <KernelKit/PEFCodeManager.hxx>
 #include <KernelKit/ProcessScheduler.hxx>
-#include <KernelKit/UserHeap.hpp>
-#include <NewKit/Json.hpp>
+#include <KernelKit/ProcessHeap.hxx>
+#include <NewKit/Json.hxx>
 #include <Modules/CoreCG/Accessibility.hxx>
 #include <KernelKit/CodeManager.hpp>
 #include <Modules/ACPI/ACPIFactoryInterface.hxx>
 #include <NetworkKit/IPCEP.hxx>
+#include <CFKit/Property.hpp>
 
-#define KERNEL_INIT(X) X; \
+#define mInitKernel(X) \
+	X;                 \
 	Kernel::ke_stop(RUNTIME_CHECK_BOOTSTRAP);
 
 
 
+Kernel::Property cKernelVersion;
+Kernel::Property cAutoFormatDisk;
+
 /// @brief This symbol is the kernel main symbol.
 EXTERN_C void KeMain();
 
@@ -32,7 +37,7 @@ EXTERN_C Kernel::VoidPtr kInterruptVectorTable[];
 struct PACKED HeapAllocInfo final
 {
 	Kernel::VoidPtr fThe;
-	Kernel::Size	   fTheSz;
+	Kernel::Size	fTheSz;
 };
 
 struct PACKED ProcessBlockInfo final
@@ -46,7 +51,7 @@ struct PACKED ProcessExitInfo final
 	STATIC constexpr auto cReasonLen = 512;
 
 	Kernel::Int64 fCode;
-	Kernel::Char	 fReason[cReasonLen];
+	Kernel::Char  fReason[cReasonLen];
 };
 
 namespace Kernel::HAL
@@ -121,9 +126,9 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(
 	constexpr auto cCatalogCreate		 = 0x22;
 	constexpr auto cRebootInterrupt		 = 0x23;
 	constexpr auto cShutdownInterrupt	 = 0x24;
-	constexpr auto cLPCSendMsg	 		 = 0x25;
-	constexpr auto cLPCOpenMsg	 		 = 0x26;
-	constexpr auto cLPCCloseMsg	 		 = 0x27;
+	constexpr auto cLPCSendMsg			 = 0x25;
+	constexpr auto cLPCOpenMsg			 = 0x26;
+	constexpr auto cLPCCloseMsg			 = 0x27;
 	constexpr auto cLPCSanitizeMsg		 = 0x28;
 
 	kSyscalls[cSerialAlertInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fProc = [](Kernel::VoidPtr rdx) -> void {
@@ -142,8 +147,9 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(
 	kSyscalls[cNewInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fProc = [](Kernel::VoidPtr rdx) -> void {
 		// get HAC struct.
 		HeapAllocInfo* rdxInf = reinterpret_cast<HeapAllocInfo*>(rdx);
-		
-		if (!rdxInf) return;
+
+		if (!rdxInf)
+			return;
 
 		// assign the fThe field with the pointer.
 		rdxInf->fThe = Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().New(rdxInf->fTheSz);
@@ -153,7 +159,8 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(
 		// get HAC struct.
 		HeapAllocInfo* rdxInf = reinterpret_cast<HeapAllocInfo*>(rdx);
 
-		if (!rdxInf) return;
+		if (!rdxInf)
+			return;
 
 		// delete ptr with sz in mind.
 		Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().Delete(rdxInf->fThe, rdxInf->fTheSz);
@@ -161,8 +168,9 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(
 
 	kSyscalls[cTlsInstallInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fProc = [](Kernel::VoidPtr rdx) -> void {
 		ProcessBlockInfo* rdxPb = reinterpret_cast<ProcessBlockInfo*>(rdx);
-		
-		if (!rdxPb) return;
+
+		if (!rdxPb)
+			return;
 
 		// install the fTIB and fPIB.
 		rt_install_tib(rdxPb->fTIB, rdxPb->fPIB);
@@ -170,8 +178,9 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(
 
 	kSyscalls[cExitInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fProc = [](Kernel::VoidPtr rdx) -> void {
 		ProcessExitInfo* rdxEi = reinterpret_cast<ProcessExitInfo*>(rdx);
-		
-		if (!rdxEi) return;
+
+		if (!rdxEi)
+			return;
 
 		Kernel::kcout << "newoskrnl: " << rdxEi->fReason << "\r";
 		Kernel::ProcessScheduler::The().Leak().TheCurrent().Leak().Exit(rdxEi->fCode);
@@ -179,19 +188,20 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(
 
 	kSyscalls[cLastExitInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fProc = [](Kernel::VoidPtr rdx) -> void {
 		ProcessExitInfo* rdxEi = reinterpret_cast<ProcessExitInfo*>(rdx);
-		
-		if (!rdxEi) return;
 
-		rdxEi->fCode		   = Kernel::rt_get_exit_code();
+		if (!rdxEi)
+			return;
+
+		rdxEi->fCode = Kernel::rt_get_exit_code();
 	};
 
 	kSyscalls[cRebootInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fProc = [](Kernel::VoidPtr rdx) -> void {
-		Kernel::ACPIFactoryInterface acpi(kHandoverHeader->f_HardwareTables.f_RsdPtr);
+		Kernel::ACPIFactoryInterface acpi(kHandoverHeader->f_HardwareTables.f_VendorPtr);
 		acpi.Reboot();
 	};
 
 	kSyscalls[cShutdownInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fProc = [](Kernel::VoidPtr rdx) -> void {
-		Kernel::ACPIFactoryInterface acpi(kHandoverHeader->f_HardwareTables.f_RsdPtr);
+		Kernel::ACPIFactoryInterface acpi(kHandoverHeader->f_HardwareTables.f_VendorPtr);
 		acpi.Shutdown();
 	};
 
@@ -206,7 +216,20 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(
 	kSyscalls[cRebootInterrupt].Leak().Leak()->fHooked		= true;
 	kSyscalls[cLPCSanitizeMsg].Leak().Leak()->fHooked		= true;
 
-	Kernel::HAL::hal_system_get_cores(kHandoverHeader->f_HardwareTables.f_RsdPtr);
+	// newoskrnl version 1.00
+	Kernel::StringView strVer(cMaxPropLen);
+	strVer += "\\Properties\\KernelVersion";
+
+	cKernelVersion.GetKey() = strVer;
+    cKernelVersion.GetValue() = __MAHROUSS__;
+
+    Kernel::StringView strAutoMount(cMaxPropLen);
+	strAutoMount += "\\Properties\\AutoMountFS?";
+
+	cAutoFormatDisk.GetKey() = strAutoMount;
+    cAutoFormatDisk.GetValue() = Yes;
+
+	Kernel::HAL::hal_system_get_cores(kHandoverHeader->f_HardwareTables.f_VendorPtr);
 
-	KERNEL_INIT(KeMain());
+	mInitKernel(KeMain());
 }
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMouse.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMouse.cxx
index 9cad6d35..9b3467fa 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMouse.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMouse.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@
 EXTERN_C Kernel::Boolean _hal_draw_mouse();
 EXTERN_C Kernel::Void _hal_init_mouse();
 
-STATIC Kernel::Int32 kPrevX		= 10;
-STATIC Kernel::Int32 kPrevY		= 10;
-STATIC Kernel::Int32 kX			= 10;
-STATIC Kernel::Int32 kY			= 10;
+STATIC Kernel::Int32 kPrevX		 = 10;
+STATIC Kernel::Int32 kPrevY		 = 10;
+STATIC Kernel::Int32 kX			 = 10;
+STATIC Kernel::Int32 kY			 = 10;
 STATIC Kernel::Int32 kMouseCycle = 0;
 STATIC Kernel::PS2MouseInterface kMousePS2;
-STATIC Kernel::Char kMousePacket[4]		= {};
+STATIC Kernel::Char kMousePacket[4]		 = {};
 STATIC Kernel::Boolean kMousePacketReady = false;
 
-STATIC GXInit();
+STATIC CGInit();
 
 #define kPS2Leftbutton	 0b00000001
 #define kPS2Middlebutton 0b00000010
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPageAlloc.hpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPageAlloc.hxx
index 55193686..6e05e58e 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPageAlloc.hpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPageAlloc.hxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@
 #define kPTESize (0x1000)
 #endif // !kPTESize
 
+#ifndef kAlign
+#define kAlign __BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT__
+#endif // !kAlign
+
 EXTERN_C void hal_flush_tlb();
 EXTERN_C void hal_write_cr3(Kernel::UIntPtr pde);
 EXTERN_C void hal_write_cr0(Kernel::UIntPtr bit);
@@ -38,16 +42,16 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 {
 	struct PACKED PageTable64 final
 	{
-		bool		  Present : 1;
-		bool		  Rw : 1;
-		bool		  User : 1;
-		bool		  Wt : 1;
-		bool		  Cache : 1;
-		bool		  Accessed : 1;
+		bool		   Present : 1;
+		bool		   Rw : 1;
+		bool		   User : 1;
+		bool		   Wt : 1;
+		bool		   Cache : 1;
+		bool		   Accessed : 1;
 		Kernel::Int32  Reserved : 6;
 		Kernel::UInt64 PhysicalAddress : 36;
 		Kernel::Int32  Reserved1 : 15;
-		bool		  ExecDisable : 1;
+		bool		   ExecDisable : 1;
 	};
 
 	namespace Detail
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalProcessor.cpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalProcessor.cxx
index 01f3879a..2eb2d693 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalProcessor.cpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalProcessor.cxx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
-#include <HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hpp>
+#include <HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hxx>
 
 /**
  * @file Processor.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 namespace Kernel::HAL
 {
-	void Out8(UInt16 port, UInt8 value)
+	Void Out8(UInt16 port, UInt8 value)
 	{
 		asm volatile("outb %%al, %1"
 					 :
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 					 : "memory");
 	}
 
-	void Out16(UInt16 port, UInt16 value)
+	Void Out16(UInt16 port, UInt16 value)
 	{
 		asm volatile("outw %%ax, %1"
 					 :
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 					 : "memory");
 	}
 
-	void Out32(UInt16 port, UInt32 value)
+	Void Out32(UInt16 port, UInt32 value)
 	{
 		asm volatile("outl %%eax, %1"
 					 :
@@ -70,27 +70,27 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 		return value;
 	}
 
-	void rt_halt()
+	Void rt_halt()
 	{
 		asm volatile("hlt");
 	}
 
-	void rt_cli()
+	Void rt_cli()
 	{
 		asm volatile("cli");
 	}
 
-	void rt_sti()
+	Void rt_sti()
 	{
 		asm volatile("sti");
 	}
 
-	void rt_cld()
+	Void rt_cld()
 	{
 		asm volatile("cld");
 	}
 
-	void rt_std()
+	Void rt_std()
 	{
 		asm volatile("std");
 	}
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSMPCoreManager.asm b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSMPCoreManager.asm
index 7b0926bb..7f6aa26a 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSMPCoreManager.asm
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSMPCoreManager.asm
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 ;; *	========================================================
 ;; *
 ;; *	Kernel
-;; * 	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation, all rights reserved.
+;; * 	Copyright ZKA Technologies, all rights reserved.
 ;; *
 ;; * 	========================================================
 ;; */
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSMPCore.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalScheduler.cxx
index 4cb87542..791361b5 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSMPCore.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalScheduler.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ Void ProcessHeader::SetEntrypoint(UIntPtr& imageStart) noexcept
 	if (imageStart == 0)
 		this->Crash();
 
-	this->StackFrame->Rbp = imageStart;
-	this->StackFrame->Rsp = this->StackFrame->Rbp;
+	this->StackFrame->BP = imageStart;
+	this->StackFrame->SP = this->StackFrame->BP;
 }
 
 namespace Kernel
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Kernel
 	{
 		if (!stackPtr)
 			return false;
-		if (stackPtr->Rbp == 0 || stackPtr->Rsp == 0)
+		if (stackPtr->BP == 0 || stackPtr->SP == 0)
 			return false;
 
 		return true;
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cxx
index e69de29b..e893198f 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cxx
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------

+

+	Copyright ZKA Technologies

+

+	File: HalTimer.cxx

+	Purpose: HAL timer

+

+	Revision History:

+

+	07/07/24: Added file (amlel)

+

+------------------------------------------- */

+

+#include <ArchKit/ArchKit.hpp>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalUtils.asm b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalUtils.asm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6681a692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalUtils.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+;; /*
+;; *	========================================================
+;; *
+;; *	Kernel
+;; * 	Copyright ZKA Technologies, all rights reserved.
+;; *
+;; * 	========================================================
+;; */
+
+[bits 64]
+
+[global rt_install_tib]
+
+section .text
+
+;; changed: rs, fs
+;; expected: rcx, rdx
+
+rt_install_tib:
+	mov rcx, gs ;; TIB -> Thread Information Block
+	mov rdx, fs ;; PIB -> Process Information Block
+	ret
+
+;; //////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;;
+
+[global rt_jump_user_mode]
+
+;; @used rcx, address to jump on.
+;; @note adjusted for long mode.
+rt_jump_user_mode:
+	cmp rcx, 0
+	je rt_jump_user_mode_failed
+
+	mov ax, (6 * 8) | 3 ; user data segment with RPL 3
+	mov ds, ax
+	mov es, ax
+	mov fs, ax
+	mov gs, ax ; SS is handled by iret
+
+	mov rax, rsp
+	push (6 * 8) | 3
+	push rax
+	pushf
+	push (5 * 8) | 3 ; user code segment with RPL 3
+	push rcx
+	iretq
+	;; we just failed to validate the rcx, fallback and return to previous pc.
+rt_jump_user_mode_failed:
+	ret
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Hypervisor.hpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Hypervisor.hpp
index 1ab69ef4..b5fe48c2 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Hypervisor.hpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Hypervisor.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -21,6 +21,5 @@ namespace Kernel
 	ENUM_STRING(ParallelsAlt, " lrpepyh vr ");
 	ENUM_STRING(Bhyve, "bhyve bhyve ");
 	ENUM_STRING(Qnx, " QNXQVMBSQG ");
-
 	END_STRING_ENUM()
 } // namespace Kernel
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Database.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Database.cxx
index 65ec307e..67ebc6df 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Database.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Database.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Device.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Device.cxx
index c1fdc401..bec401d9 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Device.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Device.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
 Kernel::UInt NewOSPCIReadRaw(Kernel::UInt bar, Kernel::UShort bus, Kernel::UShort dev, Kernel::UShort fun)
 {
 	Kernel::UInt target = 0x80000000 | ((Kernel::UInt)bus << 16) |
-						 ((Kernel::UInt)dev << 11) | ((Kernel::UInt)fun << 8) |
-						 (bar & 0xFC);
+						  ((Kernel::UInt)dev << 11) | ((Kernel::UInt)fun << 8) |
+						  (bar & 0xFC);
 
 	Kernel::HAL::Out32((Kernel::UShort)Kernel::PCI::PciConfigKind::ConfigAddress,
-					  target);
+					   target);
 
 	return Kernel::HAL::In32((Kernel::UShort)Kernel::PCI::PciConfigKind::ConfigData);
 }
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ Kernel::UInt NewOSPCIReadRaw(Kernel::UInt bar, Kernel::UShort bus, Kernel::UShor
 void NewOSPCISetCfgTarget(Kernel::UInt bar, Kernel::UShort bus, Kernel::UShort dev, Kernel::UShort fun)
 {
 	Kernel::UInt target = 0x80000000 | ((Kernel::UInt)bus << 16) |
-						 ((Kernel::UInt)dev << 11) | ((Kernel::UInt)fun << 8) |
-						 (bar & ~3);
+						  ((Kernel::UInt)dev << 11) | ((Kernel::UInt)fun << 8) |
+						  (bar & ~3);
 
 	Kernel::HAL::Out32((Kernel::UShort)Kernel::PCI::PciConfigKind::ConfigAddress,
-					  target);
+					   target);
 }
 
 namespace Kernel::PCI
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Dma.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Dma.cxx
index 3e6319e3..65bf7e72 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Dma.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Dma.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Express.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Express.cxx
index 2b88f312..cb999fe0 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Express.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Express.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/IO.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/IO.cxx
index 24ee05b3..8da2b21e 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/IO.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/IO.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Iterator.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Iterator.cxx
index 0f766111..df593f7a 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Iterator.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/Iterator.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/PCI.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/PCI.cxx
index eaf7f20a..d15b1b9a 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/PCI.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/PCI/PCI.cxx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
-#include <KernelKit/PCI/PCI.hpp>
+#include <KernelKit/PCI/PCI.hxx>
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hpp b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hxx
index 756c5770..92b91c70 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hpp
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.hxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 	File: Prcoessor.hxx
 	Purpose: AMD64 processor abstraction.
@@ -17,7 +17,12 @@
 #include <NewKit/Defines.hpp>
 #include <NewKit/Utils.hpp>
 #include <FirmwareKit/Handover.hxx>
-#include <HALKit/AMD64/HalPageAlloc.hpp>
+#include <HALKit/AMD64/HalPageAlloc.hxx>
+
+EXTERN_C
+{
+#include <cpuid.h>
+}
 
 #ifdef kCPUBackendName
 #undef kCPUBackendName
@@ -25,6 +30,8 @@
 
 #define kCPUBackendName "AMD64"
 
+#define kSyscallRoute 0x32
+
 #define IsActiveLow(FLG)	  (FLG & 2)
 #define IsLevelTriggered(FLG) (FLG & 8)
 
@@ -32,6 +39,7 @@
 #define kTrapGate		 (0xEF)
 #define kTaskGate		 (0b10001100)
 #define kGdtCodeSelector (0x08)
+#define kGdtUserCodeSelector (0x10)
 #define cHeapStartOffset (0x10000000)
 
 namespace Kernel
@@ -71,16 +79,17 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 	{
 		UInt16 pml4_index = (virt_addr >> 39) & 0x1FF;
 
-		if (!pde->Pte[pml4_index].Present)
+		if (pde && !pde->Pte[pml4_index].Present)
 		{
 			pde->Pte[pml4_index].Present = true;
-			kcout << "PM is present now.\r";
 
 			pde->Pte[pml4_index].PhysicalAddress = phys_addr;
 			pde->Pte[pml4_index].Rw				 = flags & eFlagsRw;
 			pde->Pte[pml4_index].User			 = flags & eFlagsUser;
 			pde->Pte[pml4_index].ExecDisable	 = flags & eFlagsExecDisable;
 
+			kcout << "PTE is present now.\r";
+
 			return 0;
 		}
 		else
@@ -90,13 +99,13 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 			kcout << "PhysicalAddress: " << hex_number(pde->Pte[pml4_index].PhysicalAddress);
 			kcout << "\r";
 
-			kcout << "User: " << (pde->Pte[pml4_index].User ? "YES" : "NO") << "\r";
-			kcout << "RW: " << (pde->Pte[pml4_index].Rw ? "YES" : "NO") << "\r";
+			kcout << "User: " << (pde->Pte[pml4_index].User ? "true" : "false") << "\r";
+			kcout << "RW: " << (pde->Pte[pml4_index].Rw ? "true" : "false") << "\r";
 
-			return 1;
+			return 0;
 		}
 
-		return 0;
+		return 1;
 	}
 
 	/// @brief Map address to PDE.
@@ -104,7 +113,7 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 	/// @param phys_addr
 	/// @param virt_addr
 	/// @param flags
-	inline void ke_unmap_address(PDE* pde, UIntPtr phys_addr, UIntPtr virt_addr, UInt32 flags)
+	inline Void ke_unmap_address(PDE* pde, UIntPtr phys_addr, UIntPtr virt_addr, UInt32 flags)
 	{
 		UInt16 pml4_index = (virt_addr >> 39) & 0x1FF;
 
@@ -152,10 +161,11 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 
 	typedef UIntPtr Reg;
 
+	/// @brief Stack frame (as retrieved from assembly.)
 	struct PACKED StackFrame final
 	{
 		Reg IntNum, Exception;
-		Reg Rdi, Rsi, Rbp, Rsp, Rbx, Rdx, Rcx, Rax;
+		Reg A0, A2, BP, SP, A3, A4, A5, A6;
 		Reg R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15;
 		Reg Gs, Fs;
 	};
@@ -200,11 +210,12 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 	class SegmentDescriptorComparator final
 	{
 	public:
-		bool IsValid(SegmentDescriptor& seg)
+		Bool IsValid(SegmentDescriptor& seg)
 		{
 			return seg.Base > seg.Limit;
 		}
-		bool Equals(SegmentDescriptor& seg, SegmentDescriptor& segRight)
+
+		Bool Equals(SegmentDescriptor& seg, SegmentDescriptor& segRight)
 		{
 			return seg.Base == segRight.Base && seg.Limit == segRight.Limit;
 		}
@@ -215,29 +226,65 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 	class GDTLoader final
 	{
 	public:
-		static void Load(RegisterGDT& gdt);
-		static void Load(Ref<RegisterGDT>& gdt);
+		static Void Load(RegisterGDT& gdt);
+		static Void Load(Ref<RegisterGDT>& gdt);
 	};
 
 	class IDTLoader final
 	{
 	public:
-		static void Load(Register64& idt);
-		static void Load(Ref<Register64>& idt);
+		static Void Load(Register64& idt);
+		static Void Load(Ref<Register64>& idt);
 	};
 
 	Void hal_system_get_cores(VoidPtr rsdPtr);
 	Void hal_send_start_ipi(UInt32 apicId, UInt8 vector, UInt32 targetAddress);
 	Void hal_send_end_ipi(UInt32 apicId, UInt8 vector, UInt32 targetAddress);
 
-	/// @brief Processor specific structures.
-	namespace Detail
+	/// @brief Do a cpuid to check if MSR exists on CPU.
+	/// @retval true it does exists.
+	/// @retval false it doesn't.
+	inline Bool hal_has_msr() noexcept
+	{
+		static UInt32 eax, unused, edx; // eax, edx
+
+		__get_cpuid(1, &eax, &unused, &unused, &edx);
+
+		// edx returns the flag for MSR (which is 1 shifted to 5.)
+		return edx & (1 << 5);
+	}
+
+	/// @brief Get Model-specific register.
+	/// @param msr MSR
+	/// @param lo low byte
+	/// @param hi high byte
+	inline Void hal_get_msr(UInt32 msr, UInt32* lo, UInt32* hi) noexcept
+	{
+		if (!lo || !hi)
+			return;
+
+		asm volatile("rdmsr"
+					 : "=a"(*lo), "=d"(*hi)
+					 : "c"(msr));
+	}
+
+	/// @brief Set Model-specific register.
+	/// @param msr MSR
+	/// @param lo low byte
+	/// @param hi high byte
+	inline Void hal_set_msr(UInt32 msr, UInt32 lo, UInt32 hi) noexcept
 	{
-		EXTERN_C void _ke_power_on_self_test(void);
+		asm volatile("wrmsr"
+					 :
+					 : "a"(lo), "d"(hi), "c"(msr));
+	}
 
+	/// @brief Processor specific namespace.
+	namespace Detail
+	{
 		/**
-	@brief Global descriptor table entry, either null, code or data.
-*/
+		  @brief Global descriptor table entry, either null, code or data.
+		*/
 
 		struct PACKED NewOSGDTRecord final
 		{
@@ -259,15 +306,35 @@ namespace Kernel::HAL
 			NewOSGDTRecord UserData;
 		};
 	} // namespace Detail
+
+	class APICController
+	{
+	public:
+		explicit APICController(VoidPtr base)
+			: fApic(base)
+		{
+		}
+
+		~APICController() = default;
+
+		NEWOS_COPY_DEFAULT(APICController);
+
+	public:
+		UInt32 Read(UInt32 reg) noexcept;
+		Void   Write(UInt32 reg, UInt32 value) noexcept;
+
+	private:
+		VoidPtr fApic{nullptr};
+	};
 } // namespace Kernel::HAL
 
-EXTERN_C void idt_handle_generic(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
-EXTERN_C void idt_handle_gpf(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
-EXTERN_C void idt_handle_math(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
-EXTERN_C void idt_handle_pf(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void idt_handle_generic(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void idt_handle_gpf(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void idt_handle_math(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void idt_handle_pf(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp);
 
-EXTERN_C void hal_load_idt(Kernel::HAL::Register64 ptr);
-EXTERN_C void hal_load_gdt(Kernel::HAL::RegisterGDT ptr);
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_load_idt(Kernel::HAL::Register64 ptr);
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_load_gdt(Kernel::HAL::RegisterGDT ptr);
 
 /// @brief Maximum size of the IDT.
 #define kKernelIdtSize	   0x100
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI.cxx
index 51153417..7a83b836 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * @version 0.1
  * @date 2024-02-02
  *
- * @copyright Copyright (c) Zeta Electronics Corporation
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) ZKA Technologies
  *
  */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-DMA.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-DMA.cxx
index 33e6bc31..bcba23e1 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-DMA.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-DMA.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * @version 0.1
  * @date 2024-02-02
  *
- * @copyright Copyright (c) Zeta Electronics Corporation
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) ZKA Technologies
  *
  */
 
diff --git a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-PIO.cxx b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-PIO.cxx
index 1a8e78c3..fa64294d 100644
--- a/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-PIO.cxx
+++ b/Kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/ATA-PIO.cxx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-	Copyright Zeta Electronics Corporation
+	Copyright ZKA Technologies
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * @version 0.1
  * @date 2024-02-02
  *
- * @copyright Copyright (c) Zeta Electronics Corporation
+ * @copyright Copyright (c) ZKA Technologies
  *
  */