path: root/dev/CompilerKit/src/Backend/AssemblerAMD64.cc

/* -------------------------------------------

  Copyright (C) 2024-2025 Amlal EL Mahrouss, Licensed under Apache 2.0

------------------------------------------- */

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// @file AssemblerAMD64.cc
/// @author Amlal El Mahrouss
/// @brief AMD64 Assembler.
/// REMINDER: when dealing with an undefined symbol use (string
/// size):LinkerFindSymbol:(string) so that ld will look for it.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// bugs: 0

/// feature request: 1
/// Encode registers in mov, add, xor...

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#ifndef __ASM_NEED_AMD64__
#define __ASM_NEED_AMD64__ 1
#endif

#define kAssemblerPragmaSymStr "%%"
#define kAssemblerPragmaSym '%'

#include <CompilerKit/AE.h>
#include <CompilerKit/Frontend.h>
#include <CompilerKit/PEF.h>
#include <CompilerKit/impl/X64.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <filesystem>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

/////////////////////

// ANSI ESCAPE CODES

/////////////////////

#define kBlank "\e[0;30m"
#define kRed "\e[0;31m"
#define kWhite "\e[0;97m"
#define kYellow "\e[0;33m"

static char kOutputArch = CompilerKit::kPefArchAMD64;

static constexpr auto kIPAlignement = 0x1U;
static auto kCounter = 0x1UL;

static std::uintptr_t                                      kOrigin = kPefBaseOrigin;
static std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::uintptr_t>> kOriginLabel;

/// @brief keep it simple by default.
static std::int32_t kRegisterBitWidth = 16U;

static std::vector<i64_byte_t> kAppBytes;

static CompilerKit::AERecordHeader kCurrentRecord{
    .fName = "", .fKind = CompilerKit::kPefCode, .fSize = 0, .fOffset = 0};

static std::vector<CompilerKit::AERecordHeader> kRecords;
static std::vector<std::string>                 kDefinedSymbols;
static std::vector<std::string>                 kUndefinedSymbols;

static const std::string kUndefinedSymbol = ":UndefinedSymbol:";

// \brief forward decl.
static bool asm_read_attributes(std::string line);

#include <CompilerKit/utils/AsmUtils.h>

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// @brief AMD64 assembler entrypoint, the program/module starts here.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

NECTI_MODULE(AssemblerMainAMD64) {
  //////////////// CPU OPCODES BEGIN ////////////////

  CompilerKit::install_signal(SIGSEGV, Detail::drvi_crash_handler);

  std::string opcodes_jump[kJumpLimit] = {"ja",  "jae",  "jb",  "jbe",  "jc",  "je",   "jg",  "jge",
                                          "jl",  "jle",  "jna", "jnae", "jnb", "jnbe", "jnc", "jne",
                                          "jng", "jnge", "jnl", "jnle", "jno", "jnp",  "jns", "jnz",
                                          "jo",  "jp",   "jpe", "jpo",  "js",  "jz"};

  for (i64_hword_t i = 0; i < kJumpLimit; i++) {
    CpuOpcodeAMD64 code{.fName   = opcodes_jump[i],
                        .fOpcode = static_cast<i64_hword_t>(kAsmJumpOpcode + i)};
    kOpcodesAMD64.push_back(code);
  }

  CpuOpcodeAMD64 code{.fName = "jcxz", .fOpcode = 0xE3};
  kOpcodesAMD64.push_back(code);

  for (i64_hword_t i = kJumpLimitStandard; i < kJumpLimitStandardLimit; i++) {
    CpuOpcodeAMD64 code{.fName = "jmp", .fOpcode = i};
    kOpcodesAMD64.push_back(code);
  }

  CpuOpcodeAMD64 lahf{.fName = "lahf", .fOpcode = 0x9F};
  kOpcodesAMD64.push_back(lahf);

  CpuOpcodeAMD64 lds{.fName = "lds", .fOpcode = 0xC5};
  kOpcodesAMD64.push_back(lds);

  CpuOpcodeAMD64 lea{.fName = "lea", .fOpcode = 0x8D};
  kOpcodesAMD64.push_back(lea);

  CpuOpcodeAMD64 nop{.fName = "nop", .fOpcode = 0x90};
  kOpcodesAMD64.push_back(nop);

  //////////////// CPU OPCODES END ////////////////

  for (size_t i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
    if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
      if (strcmp(argv[i], "--amd64:ver") == 0 || strcmp(argv[i], "--amd64:v") == 0) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: AMD64 Assembler Driver.\nAssemblerAMD64: "
                   "v1.10\nAssemblerAMD64: Copyright "
                   "(c) Amlal El Mahrouss\n";
        return 0;
      } else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--amd64:h") == 0) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: AMD64 Assembler Driver.\nAssemblerAMD64: Copyright (c) 2024 "
                   "Amlal El Mahrouss\n";
        kStdOut << "--version: Print program version.\n";
        kStdOut << "--verbose: Print verbose output.\n";
        kStdOut << "--binary: Output as flat binary.\n";

        return 0;
      } else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--amd64:binary") == 0) {
        kOutputAsBinary = true;
        continue;
      } else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--amd64:verbose") == 0) {
        kVerbose = true;
        continue;
      }

      kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: ignore " << argv[i] << "\n";
      continue;
    }

    if (!std::filesystem::exists(argv[i])) {
      kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: can't open: " << argv[i] << std::endl;
      goto asm_fail_exit;
    }

    std::string object_output(argv[i]);
    std::string asm_input(argv[i]);

    for (auto& ext : kAsmFileExts) {
      if (object_output.ends_with(ext)) {
        object_output.erase(object_output.find(ext), std::strlen(ext));
        break;
      }
    }

    object_output += kOutputAsBinary ? kBinaryFileExt : kObjectFileExt;

    std::ifstream file_ptr(argv[i]);
    std::ofstream file_ptr_out(object_output, std::ofstream::binary);

    kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Assembling: " << argv[i] << "\n";

    if (file_ptr_out.bad()) {
      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: error: " << strerror(errno) << "\n";
      }

      return 1;
    }

    std::string line;

    CompilerKit::AEHeader hdr{0};

    memset(hdr.fPad, kAENullType, kAEPad);

    hdr.fMagic[0] = kAEMag0;
    hdr.fMagic[1] = kAEMag1;
    hdr.fSize     = sizeof(CompilerKit::AEHeader);
    hdr.fArch     = kOutputArch;

    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    // COMPILATION LOOP

    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    CompilerKit::EncoderAMD64 asm64;

    if (kVerbose) {
      kStdOut << "Compiling: " + asm_input << "\n";
      kStdOut << "From: " + line << "\n";
    }

    while (std::getline(file_ptr, line)) {
      if (auto ln = asm64.CheckLine(line, argv[i]); !ln.empty()) {
        Detail::print_error(ln, argv[i]);
        continue;
      }

      try {
        asm_read_attributes(line);
        asm64.WriteLine(line, argv[i]);
      } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        if (kVerbose) {
          std::string what = e.what();
          Detail::print_warning("exit because of: " + what, "CompilerKit");
        }

        try {
          std::filesystem::remove(object_output);
        } catch (...) {
        }

        goto asm_fail_exit;
      }
    }

    if (!kOutputAsBinary) {
      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Writing object file...\n";
      }

      // this is the final step, write everything to the file.

      auto pos = file_ptr_out.tellp();

      hdr.fCount = kRecords.size() + kUndefinedSymbols.size();

      file_ptr_out << hdr;

      if (kRecords.empty()) {
        kStdErr << "AssemblerAMD64: At least one record is needed to write an object "
                   "file.\nAssemblerAMD64: Make one using `public_segment .code64 foo_bar`.\n";

        std::filesystem::remove(object_output);
        return 1;
      }

      kRecords[kRecords.size() - 1].fSize = kAppBytes.size();

      std::size_t record_count = 0UL;

      for (auto& rec : kRecords) {
        if (kVerbose) kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Wrote record " << rec.fName << " to file...\n";

        rec.fFlags |= CompilerKit::kKindRelocationAtRuntime;
        rec.fOffset = record_count;
        ++record_count;

        file_ptr_out << rec;
      }

      // increment once again, so that we won't lie about the kUndefinedSymbols.
      ++record_count;

      for (auto& sym : kUndefinedSymbols) {
        CompilerKit::AERecordHeader _record_hdr{0};

        if (kVerbose) kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Wrote symbol " << sym << " to file...\n";

        _record_hdr.fKind   = kAENullType;
        _record_hdr.fSize   = sym.size();
        _record_hdr.fOffset = record_count;

        ++record_count;

        memset(_record_hdr.fPad, kAENullType, kAEPad);
        memcpy(_record_hdr.fName, sym.c_str(), sym.size());

        file_ptr_out << _record_hdr;

        ++kCounter;
      }

      auto pos_end = file_ptr_out.tellp();

      file_ptr_out.seekp(pos);

      hdr.fStartCode = pos_end;
      hdr.fCodeSize  = kAppBytes.size();

      file_ptr_out << hdr;

      file_ptr_out.seekp(pos_end);
    } else {
      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Write raw binary...\n";
      }
    }

    // byte from byte, we write this.
    for (auto& byte : kAppBytes) {
      if (byte == 0) continue;

      if (byte == 0xFF) {
        byte = 0;
      }

      file_ptr_out << reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&byte)[0];
    }

    if (kVerbose) kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Wrote file with program in it.\n";

    file_ptr_out.flush();
    file_ptr_out.close();

    if (kVerbose) kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Exit succeeded.\n";

    return 0;
  }

asm_fail_exit:

  if (kVerbose) kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Exit failed.\n";

  return 1;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// @brief Check for attributes
// returns true if any was found.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

static bool asm_read_attributes(std::string line) {
  // extern_segment is the opposite of public_segment, it signals to the ld
  // that we need this symbol.
  if (CompilerKit::find_word(line, "extern_segment")) {
    if (kOutputAsBinary) {
      Detail::print_error("Invalid directive in flat binary mode.", "CompilerKit");
      throw std::runtime_error("invalid_extern_segment_bin");
    }

    auto name = line.substr(line.find("extern_segment") + strlen("extern_segment") + 1);

    if (name.size() == 0) {
      Detail::print_error("Invalid extern_segment", "power-as");
      throw std::runtime_error("invalid_extern_segment");
    }

    std::string result = std::to_string(name.size());
    result += kUndefinedSymbol;

    // mangle this
    for (char& j : name) {
      if (j == ' ' || j == ',') j = '$';
    }

    result += name;

    if (name.find(kPefCode64) != std::string::npos) {
      // data is treated as code.
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefCode;
    } else if (name.find(kPefData64) != std::string::npos) {
      // no code will be executed from here.
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefData;
    } else if (name.find(kPefZero64) != std::string::npos) {
      // this is a bss section.
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefZero;
    }

    // this is a special case for the start stub.
    // we want this so that ld can find it.

    if (name == kPefStart) {
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefCode;
    }

    // now we can tell the code size of the previous kCurrentRecord.

    if (!kRecords.empty()) kRecords[kRecords.size() - 1].fSize = kAppBytes.size();

    memset(kCurrentRecord.fName, 0, kAESymbolLen);
    memcpy(kCurrentRecord.fName, result.c_str(), result.size());

    ++kCounter;

    memset(kCurrentRecord.fPad, kAENullType, kAEPad);

    kRecords.emplace_back(kCurrentRecord);

    return true;
  }
  // public_segment is a special keyword used by AssemblerAMD64 to tell the AE output stage to
  // mark this section as a header. it currently supports .code64, .data64 and
  // .zero64.
  else if (CompilerKit::find_word(line, "public_segment")) {
    if (kOutputAsBinary) {
      Detail::print_error("Invalid directive in flat binary mode.", "CompilerKit");
      throw std::runtime_error("invalid_public_segment_bin");
    }

    auto name = line.substr(line.find("public_segment") + strlen("public_segment") + 1);

    std::string name_copy = name;

    for (char& j : name) {
      if (j == ' ') j = '$';
    }

    if (std::find(kDefinedSymbols.begin(), kDefinedSymbols.end(), name) != kDefinedSymbols.end()) {
      Detail::print_error("Symbol already defined.", "CompilerKit");
      throw std::runtime_error("invalid_public_segment_bin");
    }

    kDefinedSymbols.push_back(name);

    if (name.find(".code64") != std::string::npos) {
      // data is treated as code.

      name_copy.erase(name_copy.find(".code64"), strlen(".code64"));
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefCode;
    } else if (name.find(".data64") != std::string::npos) {
      // no code will be executed from here.

      name_copy.erase(name_copy.find(".data64"), strlen(".data64"));
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefData;
    } else if (name.find(".zero64") != std::string::npos) {
      // this is a bss section.

      name_copy.erase(name_copy.find(".zero64"), strlen(".zero64"));
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefZero;
    }

    // this is a special case for the start stub.
    // we want this so that ld can find it.

    if (name == kPefStart) {
      kCurrentRecord.fKind = CompilerKit::kPefCode;
    }

    while (name_copy.find(" ") != std::string::npos) name_copy.erase(name_copy.find(" "), 1);

    kOriginLabel.push_back(std::make_pair(name_copy, kOrigin));
    ++kOrigin;

    // now we can tell the code size of the previous kCurrentRecord.

    if (!kRecords.empty()) kRecords[kRecords.size() - 1].fSize = kAppBytes.size();

    memset(kCurrentRecord.fName, 0, kAESymbolLen);
    memcpy(kCurrentRecord.fName, name.c_str(), name.size());

    ++kCounter;

    memset(kCurrentRecord.fPad, kAENullType, kAEPad);

    kRecords.emplace_back(kCurrentRecord);

    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

// \brief algorithms and helpers.

namespace Detail::algorithm {
// \brief authorize a brief set of characters.
static inline bool is_not_valid(char c) {
  if ((isalpha(c) || isdigit(c)) ||
      ((c == ' ') || (c == '\t') || (c == ',') || (c == '(') || (c == ')') || (c == '"') ||
       (c == '*') || (c == '\'') || (c == '[') || (c == ']') || (c == '+') || (c == '_') ||
       (c == ':') || (c == '@') || (c == '.') || (c == '#') || (c == ';')))
    return false;

  return true;
}

bool is_valid_amd64(std::string str) {
  return std::find_if(str.begin(), str.end(), is_not_valid) == str.end();
}
}  // namespace Detail::algorithm

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// @brief Check for line (syntax check)

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

std::string CompilerKit::EncoderAMD64::CheckLine(std::string line, std::string file) {
  std::string err_str;

  if (line.empty() || CompilerKit::find_word(line, "extern_segment") ||
      CompilerKit::find_word(line, "public_segment") ||
      CompilerKit::find_word(line, kAssemblerPragmaSymStr) || CompilerKit::find_word(line, ";") ||
      line[0] == kAssemblerPragmaSym) {
    if (line.find(';') != std::string::npos) {
      line.erase(line.find(';'));
    } else {
      // now check the line for validity
      if (!Detail::algorithm::is_valid_amd64(line)) {
        err_str = "Line contains non valid characters.\nhere -> ";
        err_str += line;
      }
    }

    return err_str;
  }

  // check for a valid instruction format.

  if (line.find(',') != std::string::npos) {
    if (line.find(',') + 1 == line.size()) {
      err_str += "\nInstruction lacks right register, here -> ";
      err_str += line.substr(line.find(','));

      return err_str;
    } else {
      bool nothing_on_right = true;

      if (line.find(',') + 1 > line.size()) {
        err_str += "\nInstruction not complete, here -> ";
        err_str += line;

        return err_str;
      }

      auto substr = line.substr(line.find(',') + 1);

      for (auto& ch : substr) {
        if (ch != ' ' && ch != '\t') {
          nothing_on_right = false;
        }
      }

      // this means we found nothing after that ',' .
      if (nothing_on_right) {
        err_str += "\nInstruction not complete, here -> ";
        err_str += line;

        return err_str;
      }
    }
  }
  for (auto& opcodeAMD64 : kOpcodesAMD64) {
    if (CompilerKit::find_word(line, opcodeAMD64.fName)) {
      return err_str;
    }
  }

  err_str += "\nUnrecognized instruction -> " + line;

  return err_str;
}

bool CompilerKit::EncoderAMD64::WriteNumber(const std::size_t& pos, std::string& jump_label) {
  if (!isdigit(jump_label[pos])) return false;

  switch (jump_label[pos + 1]) {
    case 'x': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 16); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid hex number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_hex");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast64 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast64(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 16));

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 16 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos)
                << "\n";
      }

      return true;
    }
    case 'b': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 2); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid binary number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_bin");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast64 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast64(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 2));

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 2 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      return true;
    }
    case 'o': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 7); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid octal number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_octal");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast64 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast64(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 7));

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 8 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      return true;
    }
    default: {
      break;
    }
  }

  /* check for errno and stuff like that */
  if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos).c_str(), nullptr, 10); !res) {
    if (errno != 0) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  CompilerKit::NumberCast64 num =
      CompilerKit::NumberCast64(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos).c_str(), nullptr, 10));

  for (char& i : num.number) {
    if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

    kAppBytes.push_back(i);
  }

  if (kVerbose) {
    kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 10 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
  }

  return true;
}

bool CompilerKit::EncoderAMD64::WriteNumber32(const std::size_t& pos, std::string& jump_label) {
  if (!isdigit(jump_label[pos])) return false;

  switch (jump_label[pos + 1]) {
    case 'x': {
      auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 16);
      res += kOrigin;

      if (errno != 0) {
        return false;
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast32 num = CompilerKit::NumberCast32(res);

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 16 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos)
                << "\n";
      }

      return true;
    }
    case 'b': {
      auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 2);
      res += kOrigin;

      if (errno != 0) {
        return false;
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast32 num = CompilerKit::NumberCast32(res);

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 2 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      return true;
    }
    case 'o': {
      auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 7);
      res += kOrigin;

      if (errno != 0) {
        return false;
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast32 num = CompilerKit::NumberCast32(res);

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 8 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      return true;
    }
    default: {
      break;
    }
  }

  auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 10);
  res += kOrigin;

  if (errno != 0) {
    return false;
  }

  CompilerKit::NumberCast32 num = CompilerKit::NumberCast32(res);

  for (char& i : num.number) {
    if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

    kAppBytes.push_back(i);
  }

  if (kVerbose) {
    kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 10 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
  }

  return true;
}

bool CompilerKit::EncoderAMD64::WriteNumber16(const std::size_t& pos, std::string& jump_label) {
  if (!isdigit(jump_label[pos])) return false;

  switch (jump_label[pos + 1]) {
    case 'x': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 16); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid hex number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_hex");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast16 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast16(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 16));

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 16 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos)
                << "\n";
      }

      return true;
    }
    case 'b': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 2); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid binary number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_bin");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast16 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast16(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 2));

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 2 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      return true;
    }
    case 'o': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 7); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid octal number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_octal");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast16 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast16(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 7));

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 8 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      for (char& i : num.number) {
        if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

        kAppBytes.push_back(i);
      }

      return true;
    }
    default: {
      break;
    }
  }

  /* check for errno and stuff like that */
  if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos).c_str(), nullptr, 10); !res) {
    if (errno != 0) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  CompilerKit::NumberCast16 num =
      CompilerKit::NumberCast16(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos).c_str(), nullptr, 10));

  for (char& i : num.number) {
    if (i == 0) i = 0xFF;

    kAppBytes.push_back(i);
  }

  if (kVerbose) {
    kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 10 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
  }

  return true;
}

bool CompilerKit::EncoderAMD64::WriteNumber8(const std::size_t& pos, std::string& jump_label) {
  if (!isdigit(jump_label[pos])) return false;

  switch (jump_label[pos + 1]) {
    case 'x': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 16); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid hex number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_hex");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast8 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast8(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 16));

      kAppBytes.push_back(num.number);

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 16 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos)
                << "\n";
      }

      return true;
    }
    case 'b': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 2); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid binary number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_bin");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast8 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast8(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 2));

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 2 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      kAppBytes.push_back(num.number);

      return true;
    }
    case 'o': {
      if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 7); !res) {
        if (errno != 0) {
          Detail::print_error("invalid octal number: " + jump_label, "CompilerKit");
          throw std::runtime_error("invalid_octal");
        }
      }

      CompilerKit::NumberCast8 num =
          CompilerKit::NumberCast8(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos + 2).c_str(), nullptr, 7));

      if (kVerbose) {
        kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 8 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
      }

      kAppBytes.push_back(num.number);

      return true;
    }
    default: {
      break;
    }
  }

  /* check for errno and stuff like that */
  if (auto res = strtol(jump_label.substr(pos).c_str(), nullptr, 10); !res) {
    if (errno != 0) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  CompilerKit::NumberCast8 num =
      CompilerKit::NumberCast8(strtol(jump_label.substr(pos).c_str(), nullptr, 10));

  kAppBytes.push_back(num.number);

  if (kVerbose) {
    kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Found a base 10 number here: " << jump_label.substr(pos) << "\n";
  }

  return true;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// @brief Read and write an instruction to the output array.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

bool CompilerKit::EncoderAMD64::WriteLine(std::string line, std::string file) {
  if (CompilerKit::find_word(line, "public_segment ")) return true;

  struct RegMapAMD64 {
    CompilerKit::STLString fName;
    i64_byte_t             fModRM;
  };

  std::vector<RegMapAMD64> kRegisterList{
      {.fName = "ax", .fModRM = 0x0}, {.fName = "cx", .fModRM = 1},
      {.fName = "dx", .fModRM = 0x2}, {.fName = "bx", .fModRM = 3},
      {.fName = "sp", .fModRM = 0x4}, {.fName = "bp", .fModRM = 5},
      {.fName = "si", .fModRM = 0x6}, {.fName = "di", .fModRM = 7},
  };

  Bool foundInstruction = false;

  for (auto& opcodeAMD64 : kOpcodesAMD64) {
    // strict check here
    if (CompilerKit::find_word(line, opcodeAMD64.fName) &&
        Detail::algorithm::is_valid_amd64(line)) {
      foundInstruction = true;
      std::string name(opcodeAMD64.fName);

      /// Move instruction handler.
      if (line.find(name) != std::string::npos) {
        if (name == "mov" || name == "xor") {
          std::string substr = line.substr(line.find(name) + name.size());

          uint64_t bits = kRegisterBitWidth;

          if (substr.find(",") == std::string::npos) {
            Detail::print_error("Syntax error: missing right operand.", "CompilerKit");
            throw std::runtime_error("syntax_err");
          }

          bool onlyOneReg = true;

          std::vector<RegMapAMD64> currentRegList;

          for (auto& reg : kRegisterList) {
            std::vector<char> regExt = {'e', 'r'};

            for (auto& ext : regExt) {
              std::string registerName;

              if (bits > 16) registerName.push_back(ext);

              registerName += reg.fName;

              while (line.find(registerName) != std::string::npos) {
                line.erase(line.find(registerName), registerName.size());

                if (bits == 16) {
                  if (registerName[0] == 'r') {
                    Detail::print_error("invalid size for register, current bit width is: " +
                                            std::to_string(kRegisterBitWidth),
                                        file);
                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid_reg_size");
                  }
                }

                currentRegList.push_back({.fName = registerName, .fModRM = reg.fModRM});
              }
            }
          }

          if (currentRegList.size() > 1) onlyOneReg = false;

          bool hasRBasedRegs = false;

          if (!onlyOneReg) {
            /// very tricky to understand.
            /// but this checks for a r8 through r15 register.
            if (currentRegList[0].fName[0] == 'r' || currentRegList[1].fName[0] == 'r') {
              if (isdigit(currentRegList[0].fName[1]) && isdigit(currentRegList[1].fName[1])) {
                kAppBytes.emplace_back(0x4d);
                hasRBasedRegs = true;
              } else if (isdigit(currentRegList[0].fName[1]) ||
                         isdigit(currentRegList[1].fName[1])) {
                kAppBytes.emplace_back(0x4c);
                hasRBasedRegs = true;
              }
            }
          }

          if (name == "mov") {
            if (bits == 64 || bits == 32) {
              if (!hasRBasedRegs && bits >= 32) {
                kAppBytes.emplace_back(opcodeAMD64.fOpcode);
              }

              if (!onlyOneReg) kAppBytes.emplace_back(0x89);
            } else if (bits == 16) {
              if (hasRBasedRegs) {
                Detail::print_error("Invalid combination of operands and registers.",
                                    "CompilerKit");
                throw std::runtime_error("comb_op_reg");
              } else {
                kAppBytes.emplace_back(0x66);
                kAppBytes.emplace_back(0x89);
              }
            }
          } else {
            if (!hasRBasedRegs && bits >= 32) {
              kAppBytes.emplace_back(opcodeAMD64.fOpcode);
            }

            kAppBytes.emplace_back(0x31);
          }

          if (onlyOneReg) {
            auto num = GetNumber32(line, ",");

            for (auto& num_idx : num.number) {
              if (num_idx == 0) num_idx = 0xFF;
            }

            auto modrm = (0x3 << 6 | currentRegList[0].fModRM);

            kAppBytes.emplace_back(0xC7);  // prefixed before placing the modrm and then the number.
            kAppBytes.emplace_back(modrm);

            if (name != "xor") {
              kAppBytes.emplace_back(num.number[0]);
              kAppBytes.emplace_back(num.number[1]);
              kAppBytes.emplace_back(num.number[2]);
              kAppBytes.emplace_back(num.number[3]);
            }

            break;
          }

          if (currentRegList[1].fName[0] == 'r' && currentRegList[0].fName[0] == 'e') {
            Detail::print_error("Invalid combination of operands and registers.", "CompilerKit");
            throw std::runtime_error("comb_op_reg");
          }

          if (currentRegList[0].fName[0] == 'r' && currentRegList[1].fName[0] == 'e') {
            Detail::print_error("Invalid combination of operands and registers.", "CompilerKit");
            throw std::runtime_error("comb_op_reg");
          }

          if (bits == 16) {
            if (currentRegList[0].fName[0] == 'r' || currentRegList[0].fName[0] == 'e') {
              Detail::print_error("Invalid combination of operands and registers.", "CompilerKit");
              throw std::runtime_error("comb_op_reg");
            }

            if (currentRegList[1].fName[0] == 'r' || currentRegList[1].fName[0] == 'e') {
              Detail::print_error("Invalid combination of operands and registers.", "CompilerKit");
              throw std::runtime_error("comb_op_reg");
            }
          } else {
            if (currentRegList[0].fName[0] != 'r' || currentRegList[0].fName[0] == 'e') {
              Detail::print_error("Invalid combination of operands and registers.", "CompilerKit");
              throw std::runtime_error("comb_op_reg");
            }

            if (currentRegList[1].fName[0] != 'r' || currentRegList[1].fName[0] == 'e') {
              Detail::print_error("Invalid combination of operands and registers.", "CompilerKit");
              throw std::runtime_error("comb_op_reg");
            }
          }

          /// encode register using the modrm encoding.

          auto modrm = (0x3 << 6 | currentRegList[1].fModRM << 3 | currentRegList[0].fModRM);

          kAppBytes.emplace_back(modrm);

          break;
        }
      }

      if (name == "int" || name == "into" || name == "intd") {
        kAppBytes.emplace_back(opcodeAMD64.fOpcode);
        this->WriteNumber8(line.find(name) + name.size() + 1, line);

        break;
      } else if (name == "jmp" || name == "call") {
        kAppBytes.emplace_back(opcodeAMD64.fOpcode);

        if (!this->WriteNumber32(line.find(name) + name.size() + 1, line)) {
          throw std::runtime_error("BUG: WriteNumber32");
        }

        break;
      } else if (name == "syscall") {
        kAppBytes.emplace_back(opcodeAMD64.fOpcode);
        kAppBytes.emplace_back(0x05);

        break;
      } else {
        kAppBytes.emplace_back(opcodeAMD64.fOpcode);

        break;
      }
    }
  }

  if (line[0] == kAssemblerPragmaSym) {
    if (foundInstruction) {
      Detail::print_error("Syntax error: " + line, file);
      throw std::runtime_error("syntax_err");
    }

    if (line.find("bits 64") != std::string::npos) {
      kRegisterBitWidth = 64U;
    } else if (line.find("bits 32") != std::string::npos) {
      kRegisterBitWidth = 32U;
    } else if (line.find("bits 16") != std::string::npos) {
      kRegisterBitWidth = 16U;
    } else if (line.find("org") != std::string::npos) {
      size_t base[] = {10, 16, 2, 7};

      for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        if (kOrigin = strtol((line.substr(line.find("org") + strlen("org") + 1)).c_str(), nullptr,
                             base[i]);
            kOrigin) {
          if (errno != 0) {
            continue;
          } else {
            if (kVerbose) {
              kStdOut << "AssemblerAMD64: Origin Set: " << kOrigin << std::endl;
            }

            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  /// write a dword
  else if (line.find(".dword") != std::string::npos) {
    this->WriteNumber32(line.find(".dword") + strlen(".dword") + 1, line);
  }
  /// write a long
  else if (line.find(".long") != std::string::npos) {
    this->WriteNumber(line.find(".long") + strlen(".long") + 1, line);
  }
  /// write a 16-bit number
  else if (line.find(".word") != std::string::npos) {
    this->WriteNumber16(line.find(".word") + strlen(".word") + 1, line);
  }

  kOrigin += kIPAlignement;

  return true;
}

// Last rev 13-1-24