Merge pull request #36 from nekernel-org/dev

0.0.3 — NeKernel

38 files changed, 287 insertions, 289 deletions

diff --git a/dev/kernel/DmaKit/DmaPool.h b/dev/kernel/DmaKit/DmaPool.h
index ec98745d..9decb3f1 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/DmaKit/DmaPool.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/DmaKit/DmaPool.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ inline VoidPtr rtl_dma_alloc(SizeT size, SizeT align) {
 
   kDmaPoolPtr = (UInt8*) (addr + size);
 
-  HAL::mm_memory_fence((VoidPtr)addr);
+  HAL::mm_memory_fence((VoidPtr) addr);
 
   return (VoidPtr) addr;
 }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/EFI/EFI.h b/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/EFI/EFI.h
index ed22f1e9..97e3ad01 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/EFI/EFI.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/EFI/EFI.h
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ typedef struct EfiSystemTable {
   /// The configuration table (contains the RSD PTR entry.)
   struct {
     EFI_GUID VendorGUID;
-    VoidPtr VendorTable;
+    VoidPtr  VendorTable;
   } * ConfigurationTable;
 } EfiSystemTable;
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/GPT.h b/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/GPT.h
index df0ed286..f361c4a2 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/GPT.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/FirmwareKit/GPT.h
@@ -20,29 +20,29 @@ struct GPT_PARTITION_TABLE;
 struct GPT_PARTITION_ENTRY;
 
 struct PACKED GPT_PARTITION_TABLE final {
-  Char    Signature[kMagicLenGPT];
-  UInt32  Revision;
-  UInt32  HeaderSize;
-  UInt32  CRC32;
-  UInt32  Reserved1;
-  UInt64  LBAHeader;
-  UInt64  LBAAltHeader;
-  UInt64  FirstGPTEntry;
-  UInt64  LastGPTEntry;
+  Char     Signature[kMagicLenGPT];
+  UInt32   Revision;
+  UInt32   HeaderSize;
+  UInt32   CRC32;
+  UInt32   Reserved1;
+  UInt64   LBAHeader;
+  UInt64   LBAAltHeader;
+  UInt64   FirstGPTEntry;
+  UInt64   LastGPTEntry;
   EFI_GUID Guid;
-  UInt64  StartingLBA;
-  UInt32  NumPartitionEntries;
-  UInt32  SizeOfEntries;
-  UInt32  CRC32PartEntry;
-  UInt8   Reserved2[kSectorAlignGPT_PartTbl];
+  UInt64   StartingLBA;
+  UInt32   NumPartitionEntries;
+  UInt32   SizeOfEntries;
+  UInt32   CRC32PartEntry;
+  UInt8    Reserved2[kSectorAlignGPT_PartTbl];
 };
 
 struct PACKED GPT_PARTITION_ENTRY {
   EFI_GUID PartitionTypeGUID;
   EFI_GUID UniquePartitionGUID;
-  UInt64  StartLBA;
-  UInt64  EndLBA;
-  UInt64  Attributes;
-  UInt8   Name[kSectorAlignGPT_PartEntry];
+  UInt64   StartLBA;
+  UInt64   EndLBA;
+  UInt64   Attributes;
+  UInt8    Name[kSectorAlignGPT_PartEntry];
 };
 }  // namespace Kernel
diff --git a/dev/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h b/dev/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h
index e30f1800..14f0393c 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ struct PACKED FBDevicePacket final {
 
 /// @brief Framebuffer device interface.
 /// @details This class is used to send and receive data from the framebuffer device.
-/// @note The class is derived from the IDeviceObject class.
+/// @note The class is derived from the DeviceInterface class.
 class FBDeviceInterface NE_DEVICE<FBDevicePacket*> {
  public:
-  explicit FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDeviceObject* self, FBDevicePacket* out),
-                             void (*in)(IDeviceObject* self, FBDevicePacket* in));
+  explicit FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* out),
+                             void (*in)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* in));
 
   virtual ~FBDeviceInterface() override;
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
index 3e10d577..24a81af9 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
@@ -120,7 +120,9 @@ EXTERN_C BOOL mp_register_task(HAL::StackFramePtr stack_frame, ThreadID thrdid)
 
   HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[thrdid].Leak()->Busy(NO);
 
-  sched_jump_to_task(kHWThread[thrdid].mFramePtr);
+  if (!kSMPAware) {
+    sched_jump_to_task(kHWThread[thrdid].mFramePtr);
+  }
 
   return YES;
 }
@@ -201,9 +203,9 @@ Void mp_init_cores(VoidPtr vendor_ptr) noexcept {
         volatile LAPIC* entry_struct = (volatile LAPIC*) entry_ptr;
 
         if (entry_struct->Flags & 0x1) {
-          kAPICLocales[kSMPCount] = entry_struct->ProcessorID;
+          kAPICLocales[kSMPCount]        = entry_struct->ProcessorID;
           kHWThread[kSMPCount].mThreadID = kAPICLocales[kSMPCount];
-          
+
           ++kSMPCount;
 
           kout << "Kind: LAPIC: ON\r";
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
index b0463eb5..1e9fbab3 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ TerminalDevice::~TerminalDevice() = default;
 
 STATIC SizeT kX = kFontSizeX, kY = kFontSizeY;
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_utf_io_write(IDeviceObject<const Utf8Char*>* obj, const Utf8Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_utf_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>* obj, const Utf8Char* bytes) {
   NE_UNUSED(bytes);
   NE_UNUSED(obj);
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ EXTERN_C void ke_utf_io_write(IDeviceObject<const Utf8Char*>* obj, const Utf8Cha
 #endif  // __DEBUG__
 }
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(IDeviceObject<const Char*>* obj, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* obj, const Char* bytes) {
   NE_UNUSED(bytes);
   NE_UNUSED(obj);
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(IDeviceObject<const Char*>* obj, const Char* bytes) {
 #endif  // __DEBUG__
 }
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(IDeviceObject<const Char*>*, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(DeviceInterface<const Char*>*, const Char* bytes) {
   NE_UNUSED(bytes);
 
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Utf8TerminalDevice::~Utf8TerminalDevice() = default;
 
 Utf8TerminalDevice Utf8TerminalDevice::The() noexcept {
   Utf8TerminalDevice out(Kernel::ke_utf_io_write,
-                         [](IDeviceObject<const Utf8Char*>*, const Utf8Char*) -> Void {});
+                         [](DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>*, const Utf8Char*) -> Void {});
   return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc
index 0c468e14..1dbce4ac 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ EXTERN_C Void __zka_pure_call(USER_PROCESS* process) {
 /// @param stack_ptr the frame pointer.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
-EXTERN_C Bool hal_check_stack(HAL::StackFramePtr stack_ptr) {
+EXTERN_C Bool hal_check_task(HAL::StackFramePtr stack_ptr) {
   if (!stack_ptr) return No;
 
   return stack_ptr->SP != 0 && stack_ptr->IP != 0;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
index b30bfc32..cd41480a 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
@@ -546,7 +546,8 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Read AHCI device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_read_ahci(IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>* self, MountpointInterface* mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_read_ahci(DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>* self,
+                              MountpointInterface*                   mnt) {
     AHCIDeviceInterface* dev = (AHCIDeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
@@ -567,8 +568,8 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Write AHCI device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_write_ahci(IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>* self,
-                               MountpointInterface*                 mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_write_ahci(DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>* self,
+                               MountpointInterface*                   mnt) {
     AHCIDeviceInterface* dev = (AHCIDeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
index 99e1c619..6fccbdfa 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
@@ -200,7 +200,8 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Read PIO device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_read_pio(IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>* self, MountpointInterface* mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_read_pio(DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>* self,
+                             MountpointInterface*                   mnt) {
     ATADeviceInterface* dev = (ATADeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
@@ -221,7 +222,8 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Write PIO device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_write_pio(IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>* self, MountpointInterface* mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_write_pio(DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>* self,
+                              MountpointInterface*                   mnt) {
     ATADeviceInterface* dev = (ATADeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCommonAPI.s b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCommonAPI.s
index e76b6e3f..f0c69368 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCommonAPI.s
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCommonAPI.s
@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
 .global hal_flush_tlb
 
 hal_flush_tlb:
-    tlbi
+    tlbi vmalle1
     ret
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc
index 3c518e2f..64004ac3 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include <NeKit/Utils.h>
 
 namespace Kernel {
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(IDeviceObject<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
   if (*bytes == 0) return;
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(IDeviceObject<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
 
 TerminalDevice::~TerminalDevice() = default;
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(IDeviceObject<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
   SizeT index = 0;
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelPanic.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelPanic.cc
index 5feb6c75..d70fef00 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelPanic.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelPanic.cc
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ Void ke_panic(const Kernel::Int32& id, const Char* message) {
   (Void)(kout << "*** STOP ***\r");
   (Void)(kout << "Kernel_Panic_MSG: " << message << kendl);
   (Void)(kout << "Kernel_Panic_ID: " << hex_number(id) << kendl);
-  (Void)(kout << "Kernel_Panic_CR2: " << hex_number((UIntPtr) hal_read_cr2()) << kendl);
 
   RecoveryFactory::Recover();
 }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc
index ee286639..10f95e29 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalSchedulerCorePrimitives.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ EXTERN_C Void __zka_pure_call(USER_PROCESS* process) {
 /// @param stack_ptr the frame pointer.

 /***********************************************************************************/

 

-EXTERN_C Bool hal_check_stack(HAL::StackFramePtr stack_ptr) {

+EXTERN_C Bool hal_check_task(HAL::StackFramePtr stack_ptr) {

   if (!stack_ptr) return No;

 

   return stack_ptr->SP != 0 && stack_ptr->IP != 0;

diff --git a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/CoreProcessScheduler.h b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/CoreProcessScheduler.h
index 5ba29d3a..c06ef92c 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/CoreProcessScheduler.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/CoreProcessScheduler.h
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ enum class ProcessStatusKind : Int32 {
 //! @brief Affinity is the amount of nano-seconds this process is going to run.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 enum class AffinityKind : Int32 {
-  kRealTime     = 50,
+  kRealTime     = 100,
   kVeryHigh     = 150,
   kHigh         = 200,
   kStandard     = 1000,
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ struct PROCESS_IMAGE final {
 
   Bool HasImage() const { return this->fBlob != nullptr; }
 
-  ErrorOr<ImagePtr> Leak() {
+  ErrorOr<ImagePtr> LeakImage() {
     if (this->fCode) {
       return ErrorOr<ImagePtr>{this->fCode};
     }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h
index 9598f590..de3bc997 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ inline TerminalDevice hex_number(const Long& x);
 // @brief Emulates a VT100 terminal.
 class TerminalDevice final NE_DEVICE<const Char*> {
  public:
-  TerminalDevice(void (*print)(IDeviceObject*, const Char*),
-                 void (*gets)(IDeviceObject*, const Char*))
-      : IDeviceObject<const Char*>(print, gets) {}
+  TerminalDevice(void (*print)(DeviceInterface*, const Char*),
+                 void (*gets)(DeviceInterface*, const Char*))
+      : DeviceInterface<const Char*>(print, gets) {}
 
   ~TerminalDevice() override;
 
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ class TerminalDevice final NE_DEVICE<const Char*> {
 
 class Utf8TerminalDevice final NE_DEVICE<const Utf8Char*> {
  public:
-  Utf8TerminalDevice(void (*print)(IDeviceObject*, const Utf8Char*),
-                     void (*gets)(IDeviceObject*, const Utf8Char*))
-      : IDeviceObject<const Utf8Char*>(print, gets) {}
+  Utf8TerminalDevice(void (*print)(DeviceInterface*, const Utf8Char*),
+                     void (*gets)(DeviceInterface*, const Utf8Char*))
+      : DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>(print, gets) {}
 
   ~Utf8TerminalDevice() override;
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h
index 7c7b9da3..c6467190 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
 
 #define kDeviceMgrRootDirPath "/devices/"
 
-#define NE_DEVICE : public ::Kernel::IDeviceObject
+#define NE_DEVICE : public ::Kernel::DeviceInterface
 
 // Last Rev: Wed, May  27, 2025  6:22 PM
 
 namespace Kernel {
 template <typename T>
-class IDeviceObject;
+class DeviceInterface;
 
 template <typename T>
 class IOBuf;
@@ -39,24 +39,26 @@ class IOBuf;
 /// @brief Device contract interface, represents an HW device.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 template <typename T>
-class IDeviceObject {
+class DeviceInterface {
  public:
-  explicit IDeviceObject(void (*Out)(IDeviceObject<T>*, T), void (*In)(IDeviceObject<T>*, T))
+  DeviceInterface() = default;
+
+  explicit DeviceInterface(void (*Out)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T), void (*In)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T))
       : fOut(Out), fIn(In) {}
 
-  virtual ~IDeviceObject() = default;
+  virtual ~DeviceInterface() = default;
 
  public:
-  IDeviceObject& operator=(const IDeviceObject<T>&) = default;
-  IDeviceObject(const IDeviceObject<T>&)            = default;
+  DeviceInterface& operator=(const DeviceInterface<T>&) = default;
+  DeviceInterface(const DeviceInterface<T>&)            = default;
 
  public:
-  virtual IDeviceObject<T>& operator<<(T Data) {
+  virtual DeviceInterface<T>& operator<<(T Data) {
     fOut(this, Data);
     return *this;
   }
 
-  virtual IDeviceObject<T>& operator>>(T Data) {
+  virtual DeviceInterface<T>& operator>>(T Data) {
     fIn(this, Data);
     return *this;
   }
@@ -68,8 +70,8 @@ class IDeviceObject {
   Bool operator!() { return !fOut || !fIn; }
 
  protected:
-  Void (*fOut)(IDeviceObject<T>*, T Data) = {nullptr};
-  Void (*fIn)(IDeviceObject<T>*, T Data)  = {nullptr};
+  Void (*fOut)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T Data) = {nullptr};
+  Void (*fIn)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T Data)  = {nullptr};
 };
 
 ///
diff --git a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h
index 82f8ca66..ef1cc659 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 #include <NeKit/Defines.h>
 #include <NeKit/KString.h>
 
-///! We got the Super, Standard (%s format) and Guest user,
-///! all are used to make authorization operations on the OS.
+///! We got the MGMT, STD (%s format) and GUEST users,
+///! all are used to make authorized operations.
 #define kSuperUser "OS AUTHORITY/MGMT/%s"
 #define kGuestUser "OS AUTHORITY/GUEST/%s"
 #define kStdUser "OS AUTHORITY/STD/%s"
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@
 namespace Kernel {
 class User;
 
-enum class UserRingKind {
+enum class UserRingKind : Int32 {
   kRingInvalid   = 0,
-  kRingStdUser   = 1,
-  kRingSuperUser = 2,
-  kRingGuestUser = 5,
+  kRingStdUser   = 444,
+  kRingSuperUser = 666,
+  kRingGuestUser = 777,
   kRingCount     = 3,
 };
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h
index 14986ab6..7c994726 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class USER_PROCESS final {
   /***********************************************************************************/
   //! @brief Gets the local exit code.
   /***********************************************************************************/
-  const UInt32& GetExitCode() noexcept;
+  KPCError& GetExitCode() noexcept;
 
   /***********************************************************************************/
   ///! @brief Get the process's name
@@ -137,21 +137,22 @@ class USER_PROCESS final {
   //! @brief return local error code of process.
   //! @return Int32 local error code.
   /***********************************************************************************/
-  Int32& GetLocalCode() noexcept;
+  KPCError& GetLocalCode() noexcept;
 
   const User*              GetOwner() noexcept;
   const ProcessStatusKind& GetStatus() noexcept;
   const AffinityKind&      GetAffinity() noexcept;
 
  private:
-  UInt32 fLastExitCode{0};
-  Int32  fLocalCode{0};
+  KPCError LastExitCode{0};
+  KPCError LocalCode{0};
 
   friend UserProcessScheduler;
   friend UserProcessHelper;
 };
 
 typedef Array<USER_PROCESS, kSchedProcessLimitPerTeam> USER_PROCESS_ARRAY;
+typedef Ref<USER_PROCESS>                              USER_PROCESS_REF;
 
 /// \brief Processs Team (contains multiple processes inside it.)
 /// Equivalent to a process batch
@@ -168,9 +169,9 @@ class UserProcessTeam final {
 
  public:
   USER_PROCESS_ARRAY mProcessList;
-  Ref<USER_PROCESS>  mCurrentProcess;
+  USER_PROCESS_REF   mCurrentProcess;
   ProcessID          mTeamId{0};
-  ProcessID          mProcessCount{0};
+  ProcessID          mProcessCur{0};
 };
 
 /***********************************************************************************/
@@ -204,8 +205,8 @@ class UserProcessScheduler final : public ISchedulable {
   Bool HasMP() override;
 
  public:
-  Ref<USER_PROCESS>& TheCurrentProcess();
-  SizeT              Run() noexcept;
+  USER_PROCESS_REF& TheCurrentProcess();
+  SizeT             Run() noexcept;
 
  public:
   STATIC UserProcessScheduler& The();
diff --git a/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h b/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h
index d7751b7e..b653e0ee 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ using ErrorT = UInt;
 template <typename T>
 class ErrorOr final {
  public:
-  ErrorOr()  = default;
-  ~ErrorOr() = default;
+  explicit ErrorOr() = default;
+  ~ErrorOr()         = default;
 
  public:
-  explicit ErrorOr(Int32 err) : mId(err) {}
+  explicit ErrorOr(Int32 err) : mRef((T*) RTL_ALLOCA(sizeof(T))), mId(err) {}
 
-  explicit ErrorOr(nullPtr Null) {}
+  explicit ErrorOr(nullPtr) {}
 
   explicit ErrorOr(T* Class) : mRef(Class) {}
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class ErrorOr final {
 
  private:
   Ref<T> mRef;
-  UInt32 mId{0};
+  Int32  mId{0};
 };
 
 using ErrorOrAny = ErrorOr<voidPtr>;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h b/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
index 9920aa6f..4d343bc5 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #ifndef _NEWKIT_REF_H_
 #define _NEWKIT_REF_H_
 
+#include <CompilerKit/CompilerKit.h>
 #include <KernelKit/HeapMgr.h>
 #include <NeKit/Defines.h>
 #include <NeKit/KernelPanic.h>
@@ -16,41 +17,33 @@ namespace Kernel {
 template <typename T>
 class Ref final {
  public:
-  Ref() = default;
-
-  ~Ref() {
-    if (mm_is_valid_ptr(fClass)) delete fClass;
-  }
+  explicit Ref() = default;
+  ~Ref()         = default;
 
  public:
-  Ref(T* cls) : fClass(cls) {}
-
-  Ref(T cls) : fClass(nullptr) { fClass = &cls; }
+  Ref(T* cls) : fClass(*cls) {}
+  Ref(T cls) : fClass(cls) {}
 
   Ref& operator=(T ref) {
-    fClass = &ref;
+    fClass = ref;
     return *this;
   }
 
+  NE_COPY_DEFAULT(Ref);
+
  public:
-  T operator->() const {
-    MUST_PASS(*fClass);
-    return *fClass;
-  }
+  T operator->() const { return fClass; }
 
-  T& Leak() noexcept { return *fClass; }
+  T& Leak() noexcept { return fClass; }
 
-  T& TryLeak() const noexcept {
-    MUST_PASS(*fClass);
-    return *fClass;
-  }
+  T& TryLeak() const noexcept { return fClass; }
 
-  T operator*() { return *fClass; }
+  T operator*() { return fClass; }
 
-  operator bool() noexcept { return fClass; }
+  operator bool() noexcept { return true; }
 
  private:
-  T* fClass{nullptr};
+  T fClass;
 };
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -70,7 +63,7 @@ class NonNullRef final {
   NonNullRef(const NonNullRef<T>& ref)            = default;
 
  private:
-  Ref<T> fRef{nullptr};
+  Ref<T> fRef{};
 };
 }  // namespace Kernel
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h b/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h
index c37d8504..04d208c5 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class NetworkDevice;
  */
 class NetworkDevice final NE_DEVICE<NetworkDeviceCommand> {
  public:
-  NetworkDevice(void (*out)(IDeviceObject<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
-                void (*in)(IDeviceObject<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
+  NetworkDevice(void (*out)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
+                void (*in)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
                 void (*cleanup)(void) = nullptr);
 
   ~NetworkDevice() override;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl b/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl
index 84ec9edc..6ef480a9 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl
+++ b/dev/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 #endif  // __INC_NETWORK_DEVICE_H__
 
 namespace Kernel {
-inline NetworkDevice::NetworkDevice(void (*out)(IDeviceObject<NetworkDeviceCommand>*,
+inline NetworkDevice::NetworkDevice(void (*out)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*,
                                                 NetworkDeviceCommand),
-                                    void (*in)(IDeviceObject<NetworkDeviceCommand>*,
+                                    void (*in)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*,
                                                NetworkDeviceCommand),
                                     void (*on_cleanup)(void))
-    : IDeviceObject<NetworkDeviceCommand>(out, in), fCleanup(on_cleanup) {
+    : DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>(out, in), fCleanup(on_cleanup) {
   kout << "NetworkDevice initialized.\r";
 
   MUST_PASS(out && in && on_cleanup);
diff --git a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h
index e2220719..3b9dac67 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 namespace Kernel {
 /// @brief AHCIDeviceInterface class
 /// @details This class is used to send and receive data from the AHCI device.
-/// @note The class is derived from the IDeviceObject class.
+/// @note The class is derived from the DeviceInterface class.
 class AHCIDeviceInterface NE_DEVICE<MountpointInterface*> {
  public:
-  explicit AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDeviceObject* self, MountpointInterface* out),
-                               void (*in)(IDeviceObject* self, MountpointInterface* in));
+  explicit AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface* self, MountpointInterface* out),
+                               void (*in)(DeviceInterface* self, MountpointInterface* in));
 
   virtual ~AHCIDeviceInterface() override;
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h
index abf255a5..d4c894a3 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace Kernel {
 /// @brief ATA device interface class.
-class ATADeviceInterface : public IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*> {
+class ATADeviceInterface : public DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*> {
  public:
-  explicit ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(IDeviceObject*, MountpointInterface* outpacket),
-                              void (*In)(IDeviceObject*, MountpointInterface* inpacket));
+  explicit ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(DeviceInterface*, MountpointInterface* outpacket),
+                              void (*In)(DeviceInterface*, MountpointInterface* inpacket));
 
   virtual ~ATADeviceInterface();
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h
index aae36a94..1b2b6358 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 namespace Kernel {
 class NVMEDeviceInterface final NE_DEVICE<MountpointInterface*> {
  public:
-  explicit NVMEDeviceInterface(Void (*out)(IDeviceObject*, MountpointInterface* out_packet),
-                               Void (*in)(IDeviceObject*, MountpointInterface* in_packet),
+  explicit NVMEDeviceInterface(Void (*out)(DeviceInterface*, MountpointInterface* out_packet),
+                               Void (*in)(DeviceInterface*, MountpointInterface* in_packet),
                                Void (*cleanup)(Void));
 
   ~NVMEDeviceInterface() override;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h
index adb9f5dc..411aa6ae 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 namespace Kernel {
 template <typename T>
-class IDeviceObject;
+class DeviceInterface;
 
 class NVMEDeviceInterface;
 class AHCIDeviceInterface;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/CxxAbi-ARM64.cc b/dev/kernel/src/CxxAbi-ARM64.cc
index 02f3dbcf..d351b024 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/CxxAbi-ARM64.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/CxxAbi-ARM64.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Kernel::UIntPtr __dso_handle;
 
 EXTERN_C void __chkstk(void) {}
 
-EXTERN_C int atexit(void (*f)(void*), void* arg, void* dso) {
+EXTERN_C int atexit(void (*f)(), void* arg, void* dso) {
   if (__atexit_func_count >= kAtExitMacDestructors) return 1;
 
   __atexit_funcs[__atexit_func_count].destructor_func = f;
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ EXTERN_C void __cxa_finalize(void* f) {
   if (!f) {
     while (i--) {
       if (__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func) {
-        (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)(__atexit_funcs[i].obj_ptr);
+        (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)();
+      __atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func = 0;
       };
     }
 
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ EXTERN_C void __cxa_finalize(void* f) {
 
   while (i--) {
     if (__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func) {
-      (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)(__atexit_funcs[i].obj_ptr);
+      (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)();
       __atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func = 0;
     };
   }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc b/dev/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc
index d588e8c8..f1867b45 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ using namespace Kernel;
 /// @param Out Drive output
 /// @param In  Drive input
 /// @param Cleanup Drive cleanup.
-FBDeviceInterface::FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDeviceObject* self, FBDevicePacket* outpacket),
-                                     void (*in)(IDeviceObject* self, FBDevicePacket* inpacket))
-    : IDeviceObject(out, in) {}
+FBDeviceInterface::FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* outpacket),
+                                     void (*in)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* inpacket))
+    : DeviceInterface(out, in) {}
 
 /// @brief Class desctructor
 FBDeviceInterface::~FBDeviceInterface() = default;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/HardwareThreadScheduler.cc b/dev/kernel/src/HardwareThreadScheduler.cc
index 78bad9d6..86f46718 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/HardwareThreadScheduler.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/HardwareThreadScheduler.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace Kernel {
 /// @note Those symbols are needed in order to switch and validate the stack.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
-EXTERN_C Bool hal_check_stack(HAL::StackFramePtr frame);
+EXTERN_C Bool hal_check_task(HAL::StackFramePtr frame);
 EXTERN_C Bool mp_register_task(HAL::StackFramePtr frame, ProcessID pid);
 
 STATIC HardwareThreadScheduler kHardwareThreadScheduler;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Bool HardwareThread::Switch(HAL::StackFramePtr frame) {
     return NO;
   }
 
-  if (!hal_check_stack(frame)) {
+  if (!hal_check_task(frame)) {
     return NO;
   }
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ HAL::StackFramePtr HardwareThreadScheduler::Leak() noexcept {
  */
 /***********************************************************************************/
 Ref<HardwareThread*> HardwareThreadScheduler::operator[](SizeT idx) {
-  if (idx >= kMaxAPInsideSched) {
+  if (idx > kMaxAPInsideSched) {
     HardwareThread* kFakeThread = nullptr;
     return {kFakeThread};
   }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/KString.cc b/dev/kernel/src/KString.cc
index 9f332cdf..f5732280 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/KString.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/KString.cc
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ bool KString::operator!=(const Char* rhs) const {
 }
 
 ErrorOr<KString> KStringBuilder::Construct(const Char* data) {
-  if (!data || *data == 0) return {};
+  if (!data || *data == 0) return ErrorOr<KString>(new KString(0));
 
   KString* view = new KString(rt_string_len(data));
   (*view) += data;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/Pmm.cc b/dev/kernel/src/Pmm.cc
index b9fba20e..7f5050f9 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/Pmm.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/Pmm.cc
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Ref<PTEWrapper> Pmm::RequestPage(Boolean user, Boolean readWrite) {
 
   if (pt.fPresent) {
     kout << "[PMM]: Allocation failed.\r";
-    return {};
+    return {pt};
   }
 
   return Ref<PTEWrapper>(pt);
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc b/dev/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc
index 2d97eee7..39570665 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ using namespace Kernel;
 /// @param Out Drive output
 /// @param In  Drive input
 /// @param Cleanup Drive cleanup.
-AHCIDeviceInterface::AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDeviceObject*       self,
+AHCIDeviceInterface::AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface*     self,
                                                      MountpointInterface* outpacket),
-                                         void (*in)(IDeviceObject*       self,
+                                         void (*in)(DeviceInterface*     self,
                                                     MountpointInterface* inpacket))
-    : IDeviceObject(out, in) {}
+    : DeviceInterface(out, in) {}
 
 /// @brief Class desctructor
 AHCIDeviceInterface::~AHCIDeviceInterface() = default;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ AHCIDeviceInterface& AHCIDeviceInterface::operator<<(MountpointInterface* mnt) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>::operator<<(mnt);
+  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>::operator<<(mnt);
 }
 
 /// @brief Input operator.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ AHCIDeviceInterface& AHCIDeviceInterface::operator>>(MountpointInterface* mnt) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>::operator>>(mnt);
+  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>::operator>>(mnt);
 }
 
 const UInt16& AHCIDeviceInterface::GetPortsImplemented() {
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc b/dev/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc
index a66d812b..609837af 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ using namespace Kernel;
 /// @param Out Drive output
 /// @param In  Drive input
 /// @param Cleanup Drive cleanup.
-ATADeviceInterface::ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(IDeviceObject*, MountpointInterface* outpacket),
-                                       void (*In)(IDeviceObject*, MountpointInterface* inpacket))
-    : IDeviceObject(Out, In) {}
+ATADeviceInterface::ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(DeviceInterface*,
+                                                   MountpointInterface* outpacket),
+                                       void (*In)(DeviceInterface*, MountpointInterface* inpacket))
+    : DeviceInterface(Out, In) {}
 
 /// @brief Class desctructor
 ATADeviceInterface::~ATADeviceInterface() = default;
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ ATADeviceInterface& ATADeviceInterface::operator<<(MountpointInterface* Data) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (ATADeviceInterface&) IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>::operator<<(Data);
+  return (ATADeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>::operator<<(Data);
 }
 
 /// @brief Input operator.
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ ATADeviceInterface& ATADeviceInterface::operator>>(MountpointInterface* Data) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (ATADeviceInterface&) IDeviceObject<MountpointInterface*>::operator>>(Data);
+  return (ATADeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<MountpointInterface*>::operator>>(Data);
 }
 
 const UInt32& ATADeviceInterface::GetIndex() {
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc b/dev/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc
index cff776c9..077595cf 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc
@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@
 #include <StorageKit/NVME.h>
 
 namespace Kernel {
-NVMEDeviceInterface::NVMEDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDeviceObject*,
-                                                     MountpointInterface* outpacket),
-                                         void (*in)(IDeviceObject*, MountpointInterface* inpacket),
-                                         void (*cleanup)(void))
-    : IDeviceObject(out, in), fCleanup(cleanup) {}
+NVMEDeviceInterface::NVMEDeviceInterface(
+    void (*out)(DeviceInterface*, MountpointInterface* outpacket),
+    void (*in)(DeviceInterface*, MountpointInterface* inpacket), void (*cleanup)(void))
+    : DeviceInterface(out, in), fCleanup(cleanup) {}
 
 NVMEDeviceInterface::~NVMEDeviceInterface() {
   if (fCleanup) fCleanup();
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/UserMgr.cc b/dev/kernel/src/UserMgr.cc
index c41b445b..8eade85e 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/UserMgr.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/UserMgr.cc
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
  *  	NeKernel
  * 		Copyright (C) 2024-2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
  *
- *		File: User.cc
- * 		Purpose: User class, used to provide authentication and security.
+ *		File: UserMgr.cc
+ * 		Purpose: User Manager, used to provide authentication and security.
  *
  * 	========================================================
  */
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc b/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
index 4bbd085a..e417cc8d 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
@@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ namespace Kernel {
 
 STATIC UInt32 kLastExitCode = 0U;
 
-/***********************************************************************************/
-/// @brief Scheduler itself.
-/***********************************************************************************/
-
 USER_PROCESS::USER_PROCESS()  = default;
 USER_PROCESS::~USER_PROCESS() = default;
 
@@ -71,16 +67,16 @@ USER_PROCESS::operator bool() {
 /// @return Int32 the last exit code.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
-const UInt32& USER_PROCESS::GetExitCode() noexcept {
-  return this->fLastExitCode;
+KPCError& USER_PROCESS::GetExitCode() noexcept {
+  return this->LastExitCode;
 }
 
 /***********************************************************************************/
 /// @brief Error code variable getter.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
-Int32& USER_PROCESS::GetLocalCode() noexcept {
-  return this->fLocalCode;
+KPCError& USER_PROCESS::GetLocalCode() noexcept {
+  return this->LocalCode;
 }
 
 /***********************************************************************************/
@@ -262,12 +258,13 @@ STATIC Void sched_free_ptr_tree(PROCESS_HEAP_TREE<VoidPtr>* memory_ptr_list) {
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
 Void USER_PROCESS::Exit(const Int32& exit_code) {
-  this->Status        = exit_code > 0 ? ProcessStatusKind::kKilled : ProcessStatusKind::kFrozen;
-  this->fLastExitCode = exit_code;
+  this->Status       = exit_code > 0 ? ProcessStatusKind::kKilled : ProcessStatusKind::kFrozen;
+  this->LastExitCode = exit_code;
+  this->UTime        = 0;
 
   kLastExitCode = exit_code;
 
-  --this->ParentTeam->mProcessCount;
+  --this->ParentTeam->mProcessCur;
 
   auto memory_ptr_list = this->HeapTree;
 
@@ -317,7 +314,7 @@ Void USER_PROCESS::Exit(const Int32& exit_code) {
   this->ProcessId = 0UL;
   this->Status    = ProcessStatusKind::kFinished;
 
-  --this->ParentTeam->mProcessCount;
+  --this->ParentTeam->mProcessCur;
 }
 
 /***********************************************************************************/
@@ -363,13 +360,13 @@ ProcessID UserProcessScheduler::Spawn(const Char* name, VoidPtr code, VoidPtr im
     return -kErrorProcessFault;
   }
 
-  ProcessID pid = this->mTeam.mProcessCount;
+  ProcessID pid = this->mTeam.mProcessCur;
 
   if (pid > kSchedProcessLimitPerTeam) {
     return -kErrorProcessFault;
   }
 
-  ++this->mTeam.mProcessCount;
+  ++this->mTeam.mProcessCur;
 
   USER_PROCESS& process = this->mTeam.mProcessList[pid];
 
@@ -447,7 +444,7 @@ UserProcessScheduler& UserProcessScheduler::The() {
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
 Void UserProcessScheduler::Remove(ProcessID process_id) {
-  if (process_id < 0 || process_id >= kSchedProcessLimitPerTeam) {
+  if (process_id < 0 || process_id > kSchedProcessLimitPerTeam) {
     return;
   }
 
@@ -483,7 +480,7 @@ Bool UserProcessScheduler::HasMP() {
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
 SizeT UserProcessScheduler::Run() noexcept {
-  if (mTeam.mProcessCount < 1) {
+  if (mTeam.mProcessCur < 1) {
     return 0UL;
   }
 
@@ -507,6 +504,7 @@ SizeT UserProcessScheduler::Run() noexcept {
       if (UserProcessHelper::Switch(process.StackFrame, process.ProcessId)) {
         process.PTime = static_cast<Int32>(process.Affinity);
 
+        // We add a bigger cooldown according to the RTime and affinity here.
         if (process.PTime < process.RTime && AffinityKind::kRealTime != process.Affinity) {
           if (process.RTime < (Int32) AffinityKind::kVeryHigh)
             process.RTime = (Int32) AffinityKind::kLowUsage / 2;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessTeam.cc b/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessTeam.cc
index 8ef9a013..dd21ac49 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessTeam.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessTeam.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ UserProcessTeam::UserProcessTeam() {
     this->mProcessList[i].ParentTeam = this;
   }
 
-  this->mProcessCount = 0UL;
+  this->mProcessCur = 0UL;
 }
 
 /***********************************************************************************/
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/Utils.cc b/dev/kernel/src/Utils.cc
index d7cc08af..087b6d5f 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/Utils.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/Utils.cc
@@ -7,189 +7,188 @@
 #include <NeKit/Utils.h>
 
 namespace Kernel {
-Int32 rt_string_cmp(const Char* src, const Char* cmp, Size size) {
-  Int32 counter = 0;
-
-  for (Size index = 0; index < size; ++index) {
-    if (src[index] != cmp[index]) ++counter;
-  }
 
-  return counter;
-}
+STATIC Int rt_copy_memory_safe(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len, Size dst_size);
+STATIC voidPtr rt_set_memory_safe(voidPtr dst, UInt32 value, Size len, Size dst_size);
 
-Void rt_zero_memory(voidPtr pointer, Size len) {
-  rt_set_memory(pointer, 0, len);
+Int32 rt_string_cmp(const Char* src, const Char* cmp, Size size) {
+  for (Size i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    if (src[i] != cmp[i])
+      return static_cast<Int32>(src[i]) - static_cast<Int32>(cmp[i]);
+  }
+  return 0;
 }
 
-SizeT rt_string_len(const Char* str, SizeT _len) {
-  SizeT len{0};
-
-  do {
-    if (len > _len) {
-      return _len;
-    }
-
+SizeT rt_string_len(const Char* str, SizeT max_len) {
+  SizeT len = 0;
+  while (len < max_len && str[len] != '\0')
     ++len;
-  } while (str[len] != '\0');
-
   return len;
 }
 
 Size rt_string_len(const Char* ptr) {
-  SizeT cnt{0};
-
-  while (ptr[cnt] != 0) ++cnt;
-
+  Size cnt = 0;
+  while (ptr[cnt] != '\0')
+    ++cnt;
   return cnt;
 }
 
-voidPtr rt_set_memory(voidPtr src, UInt32 value, Size len) {
-  UInt32* start = reinterpret_cast<UInt32*>(src);
-
-  while (len) {
-    *start = value;
-    ++start;
-    --len;
+const Char* rt_alloc_string(const Char* src) {
+  SizeT slen = rt_string_len(src);
+  Char* buffer = new Char[slen + 1];
+  if (!buffer) return nullptr;
+
+  if (rt_copy_memory_safe(reinterpret_cast<voidPtr>(const_cast<Char*>(src)),
+                          reinterpret_cast<voidPtr>(buffer),
+                          slen,
+                          slen + 1) < 0) {
+    delete[] buffer;
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
-  return (voidPtr) start;
+  buffer[slen] = '\0';
+  return buffer;
 }
 
-Int rt_move_memory(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len) {
-  Char* srcChr  = reinterpret_cast<Char*>(src);
-  Char* dstChar = reinterpret_cast<Char*>(dst);
-  SizeT index   = 0;
-
-  while (index < len) {
-    dstChar[index] = srcChr[index];
-    srcChr[index]  = 0;
-
-    ++index;
+STATIC Int rt_copy_memory_safe(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len, Size dst_size) {
+  if (!src || !dst || len > dst_size) {
+    if (dst && dst_size) {
+      rt_set_memory_safe(dst, 0, dst_size, dst_size);
+    }
+    return -1;
   }
-
-  return 0;
+  auto s = reinterpret_cast<const UInt8*>(src);
+  auto d = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(dst);
+  for (Size i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+    d[i] = s[i];
+  return static_cast<Int>(len);
+}
+
+STATIC voidPtr rt_set_memory_safe(voidPtr dst, UInt32 value, Size len, Size dst_size) {
+  if (!dst || len > dst_size) return nullptr;
+  auto p = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(dst);
+  UInt8 v = static_cast<UInt8>(value & 0xFF);
+  for (Size i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+    p[i] = v;
+  return dst;
 }
 
-Int rt_copy_memory(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len) {
-  char* srcChr  = reinterpret_cast<char*>(src);
-  char* dstChar = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dst);
-  Size  index   = 0;
-
-  while (index < len) {
-    dstChar[index] = srcChr[index];
-    ++index;
-  }
-
-  dstChar[index] = 0;
-
-  return index;
+Void rt_zero_memory(voidPtr pointer, Size len) {
+  rt_set_memory_safe(pointer, 0, len, len);
 }
 
-const Char* rt_alloc_string(const Char* src) {
-  const Char* string = new Char[rt_string_len(src) + 1];
-
-  if (!string) return nullptr;
-
-  voidPtr v_src = reinterpret_cast<voidPtr>(const_cast<char*>(src));
-  voidPtr v_dst = reinterpret_cast<voidPtr>(const_cast<char*>(string));
-
-  rt_copy_memory(v_src, v_dst, rt_string_len(src) + 1);
-
-  return string;
+#ifdef __NE_ENFORCE_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS
+[[deprecated("Use rt_set_memory_safe instead")]]
+#endif
+voidPtr rt_set_memory(voidPtr src, UInt32 value, Size len) {
+  if (!src) return nullptr;
+  auto p = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(src);
+  UInt8 v = static_cast<UInt8>(value & 0xFF);
+  for (Size i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+    p[i] = v;
+  return src;
 }
 
-Int32 rt_to_uppercase(Int32 character) {
-  if (character >= 'a' && character <= 'z') return character - 0x20;
+#ifdef __NE_ENFORCE_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS
+[[deprecated("Use rt_copy_memory_safe instead")]]
+#endif
+Int rt_copy_memory(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len) {
+  if (!src || !dst) return -1;
+  auto s = reinterpret_cast<const UInt8*>(src);
+  auto d = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(dst);
 
-  return character;
-}
+  for (Size i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+    d[i] = s[i];
 
-Int32 rt_is_alnum(Int32 character) {
-  return (character >= 'a' && character <= 'z') || (character >= 'A' && character <= 'Z') ||
-         (character >= '0' && character <= '9');
+  return static_cast<Int>(len);
 }
 
-Int32 rt_to_lower(Int32 character) {
-  if (character >= 'A' && character <= 'Z') return character + 0x20;
 
-  return character;
+Int32 rt_to_uppercase(Int32 ch) {
+  return (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') ? ch - 0x20 : ch;
 }
 
-Boolean rt_is_space(Char chr) {
-  return chr == ' ';
+Int32 rt_to_lower(Int32 ch) {
+  return (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ? ch + 0x20 : ch;
 }
 
-Boolean rt_is_newln(Char chr) {
-  return chr == '\n';
+Int32 rt_is_alnum(Int32 ch) {
+  return (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') ||
+         (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') ||
+         (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9');
 }
 
-VoidPtr rt_string_in_string(const Char* in, const Char* needle) {
-  for (SizeT i = 0; i < rt_string_len(in); ++i) {
-    if (rt_string_cmp(in + i, needle, rt_string_len(needle)) == 0)
-      return reinterpret_cast<voidPtr>(const_cast<char*>(in + i));
-  }
+Boolean rt_is_space(Char ch) {
+  return ch == ' ';
+}
 
-  return nullptr;
+Boolean rt_is_newln(Char ch) {
+  return ch == '\n';
 }
 
-Char rt_to_char(UInt64 base, Int32 limit) {
-  Char kNumbers[17] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
-  return kNumbers[base % limit];
+Char rt_to_char(UInt64 value, Int32 base) {
+  static constexpr Char kDigits[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+  return kDigits[value % base];
 }
 
-Bool rt_to_string(Char* str, UInt64 base, Int32 limit) {
+Bool rt_to_string(Char* str, UInt64 value, Int32 base) {
 #ifdef __NE_AMD64__
-  auto i = 0;
-
-  auto final_number = base;
-
-  auto mult  = 1;
-  auto elems = 0L;
-
-  base /= 10;
-
-  while (base > 0) {
-    elems++;
-    mult *= 10;
-    base /= 10;
-  }
-
-  while (elems > -1) {
-    final_number = (final_number % mult) * 10 + final_number / mult;
-    str[i]       = rt_to_char(final_number, limit);
-
-    --elems;
-    ++i;
+  Int i = 0;
+  do {
+    str[i++] = rt_to_char(value, base);
+    value /= base;
+  } while (value);
+  str[i] = '\0';
+  // in-place
+  for (Int j = 0; j < i / 2; ++j) {
+    Char tmp = str[j];
+    str[j] = str[i - j - 1];
+    str[i - j - 1] = tmp;
   }
 #endif
-
-  return YES;
+  return true;
 }
 
-/// @brief Checks for a string start at the character.
 
-Char* rt_string_has_char(Char* str, Char chr) {
-  while (*str != chr) {
-    ++str;
+VoidPtr rt_string_in_string(const Char* haystack, const Char* needle) {
+  SizeT needle_len = rt_string_len(needle);
+  SizeT hay_len = rt_string_len(haystack);
 
-    if (*str == 0) return nullptr;
+  if (needle_len > hay_len) return nullptr;
+  for (SizeT i = 0; i <= hay_len - needle_len; ++i) {
+    if (rt_string_cmp(haystack + i, needle, needle_len) == 0) {
+      return reinterpret_cast<voidPtr>(const_cast<Char*>(haystack + i));
+    }
   }
+  return nullptr;
+}
 
-  return str;
+Char* rt_string_has_char(Char* str, Char ch) {
+  while (*str && *str != ch) ++str;
+  return (*str == ch) ? str : nullptr;
 }
-}  // namespace Kernel
 
-////// @note These symbols were written to satisfy gcc, clang and other compiler complaints.
+Int32 rt_strcmp(const Char* a, const Char* b) {
+  Size i = 0;
+  while (a[i] != '\0' && b[i] != '\0' && a[i] == b[i]) {
+    ++i;
+  }
+  return static_cast<Int32>(static_cast<UInt8>(a[i]) -
+                            static_cast<UInt8>(b[i]));
+}
 
-EXTERN_C void* memset(void* dst, int c, long long unsigned int len) {
-  return Kernel::rt_set_memory(dst, c, len);
+  // @uses the deprecated version callers should ensure 'len' is valid.
+extern "C" void* memset(void* dst, int c, long long unsigned int len) {
+  return Kernel::rt_set_memory(dst, c, static_cast<Size>(len));
 }
 
-EXTERN_C void* memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, long long unsigned int len) {
-  Kernel::rt_copy_memory(const_cast<void*>(src), dst, len);
+extern "C" void* memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, long long unsigned int len) {
+  Kernel::rt_copy_memory(const_cast<void*>(src), dst, static_cast<Size>(len));
   return dst;
 }
 
-EXTERN_C Kernel::Int32 strcmp(const char* dst, const char* src) {
-  return Kernel::rt_string_cmp(dst, src, Kernel::rt_string_len(dst));
+extern "C" Kernel::Int32 strcmp(const char* a, const char* b) {
+  return Kernel::rt_strcmp(a, b);
 }
+
+}