Merge pull request #64 from nekernel-org/dev

ver: `kernel` v0.0.6

39 files changed, 2153 insertions, 138 deletions

diff --git a/dev/boot/amd64-desktop.make b/dev/boot/amd64-desktop.make
index 443e5677..d8c3fd86 100644
--- a/dev/boot/amd64-desktop.make
+++ b/dev/boot/amd64-desktop.make
@@ -117,15 +117,15 @@ compile-amd64:
 
 .PHONY: run-efi-amd64-ahci
 run-efi-amd64-ahci:
-	$(EMU) $(EMU_FLAGS) -monitor stdio -hda $(IMG) -s -S -boot menu=on
+	$(EMU) $(EMU_FLAGS) -monitor stdio -hda $(IMG) -s -boot menu=on
 
 .PHONY: run-efi-amd64-ata-pio
 run-efi-amd64-ata-pio:
-	$(EMU) $(EMU_FLAGS) -device piix3-ide,id=ide -drive id=disk,file=$(IMG),format=raw,if=none -device ide-hd,drive=disk,bus=ide.0 -s -S -d int -boot menu=on
+	$(EMU) $(EMU_FLAGS) -device piix3-ide,id=ide -drive id=disk,file=$(IMG),format=raw,if=none -device ide-hd,drive=disk,bus=ide.0 -s -d int -boot menu=on
 
 .PHONY: run-efi-amd64-ata-dma
 run-efi-amd64-ata-dma:
-	$(EMU) $(EMU_FLAGS) -device piix4-ide,id=ide -drive id=disk,file=$(IMG),format=raw,if=none -device ide-hd,drive=disk,bus=ide.0 -s -S -boot menu=on
+	$(EMU) $(EMU_FLAGS) -device piix4-ide,id=ide -drive id=disk,file=$(IMG),format=raw,if=none -device ide-hd,drive=disk,bus=ide.0 -s -boot menu=on
 
 .PHONY: run-efi-amd64-ata
 run-efi-amd64-ata: run-efi-amd64-ata-pio
diff --git a/dev/kernel/FSKit/Ext2+IFS.h b/dev/kernel/FSKit/Ext2+IFS.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..661c8d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/kernel/FSKit/Ext2+IFS.h
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+  Copyright (C) 2024-2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
+
+------------------------------------------- */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <FSKit/Ext2.h>
+#include <KernelKit/DriveMgr.h>
+#include <KernelKit/HeapMgr.h>
+#include <KernelKit/KPC.h>
+#include <NeKit/ErrorOr.h>
+#include <NeKit/KernelPanic.h>
+#include <NeKit/Utils.h>
+
+namespace Kernel {
+/// @brief Context for an EXT2 filesystem on a given drive
+class Ext2Context final {
+ public:
+  DriveTrait*       drive{nullptr};
+  EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK* superblock{nullptr};
+
+  /// @brief context with a drive
+  Ext2Context(Kernel::DriveTrait* drv) : drive(drv) {}
+
+  /// @brief Clean up
+  ~Ext2Context() {
+    if (superblock) {
+      Kernel::mm_free_ptr(superblock);
+      superblock = nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  Ext2Context(const Ext2Context&) = delete;
+  Ext2Context& operator=(const Ext2Context&) = delete;
+
+  Ext2Context(Ext2Context&& other) noexcept : drive(other.drive), superblock(other.superblock) {
+    other.drive      = nullptr;
+    other.superblock = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  Ext2Context& operator=(Ext2Context&& other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+      if (superblock) {
+        Kernel::mm_free_ptr(superblock);
+      }
+      drive            = other.drive;
+      superblock       = other.superblock;
+      other.drive      = nullptr;
+      other.superblock = nullptr;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  SizeT BlockSize() const {
+    if (!superblock) return kExt2FSBlockSizeBase;
+    return kExt2FSBlockSizeBase << superblock->fLogBlockSize;
+  }
+
+  operator BOOL() { return superblock != nullptr; }
+};
+
+/// ======================================================================= ///
+/// IFS FUNCTIONS
+/// ======================================================================= ///
+
+inline BOOL ext2_read_block(Kernel::DriveTrait* drv, Kernel::UInt32 lba, VoidPtr buffer,
+                            Kernel::UInt32 size) {
+  if (!drv || !buffer) return false;
+
+  Kernel::DriveTrait::DrivePacket pkt{};
+  pkt.fPacketContent = buffer;
+  pkt.fPacketSize    = size;
+  pkt.fPacketLba     = lba;
+  drv->fInput(pkt);
+
+  return pkt.fPacketGood;
+}
+
+inline BOOL ext2_write_block(Kernel::DriveTrait* drv, Kernel::UInt32 lba, const VoidPtr buffer,
+                             Kernel::UInt32 size) {
+  if (!drv || !buffer) return false;
+
+  Kernel::DriveTrait::DrivePacket pkt{};
+  pkt.fPacketContent = const_cast<VoidPtr>(buffer);
+  pkt.fPacketSize    = size;
+  pkt.fPacketLba     = lba;
+  drv->fOutput(pkt);
+  return pkt.fPacketGood;
+}
+
+inline Kernel::ErrorOr<EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK*> ext2_load_superblock(Ext2Context* ctx) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->drive) return Kernel::ErrorOr<EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK*>(Kernel::kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  auto buf = Kernel::mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK), true, false);
+  if (!buf) return Kernel::ErrorOr<EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK*>(Kernel::kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  Kernel::UInt32 blockLba = kExt2FSSuperblockOffset / ctx->drive->fSectorSz;
+
+  if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, blockLba, buf, sizeof(EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK))) {
+    Kernel::mm_free_ptr(buf);
+    return Kernel::ErrorOr<EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK*>(Kernel::kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  auto sb = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK*>(buf);
+  if (sb->fMagic != kExt2FSMagic) {
+    Kernel::mm_free_ptr(buf);
+    return Kernel::ErrorOr<EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK*>(Kernel::kErrorInvalidData);
+  }
+
+  ctx->superblock = sb;
+  return Kernel::ErrorOr<EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK*>(sb);
+}
+
+// Load inode
+inline Kernel::ErrorOr<Ext2Node*> ext2_load_inode(Ext2Context* ctx, Kernel::UInt32 inodeNumber) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->superblock) return Kernel::ErrorOr<Ext2Node*>(Kernel::kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  auto nodePtr = Kernel::mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false);
+  if (!nodePtr) return Kernel::ErrorOr<Ext2Node*>(Kernel::kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  auto ext2Node         = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(nodePtr);
+  ext2Node->inodeNumber = inodeNumber;
+
+  // Compute block group and index within group
+  Kernel::UInt32 inodesPerGroup = ctx->superblock->fInodesPerGroup;
+  Kernel::UInt32 group          = (inodeNumber - 1) / inodesPerGroup;
+
+  // dummy: just offset first inode
+  Kernel::UInt32 inodeTableBlock = ctx->superblock->fFirstInode + group;
+
+  if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, inodeTableBlock, &ext2Node->inode, sizeof(EXT2_INODE))) {
+    Kernel::mm_free_ptr(nodePtr);
+    return Kernel::ErrorOr<Ext2Node*>(Kernel::kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  ext2Node->cursor = 0;
+  return Kernel::ErrorOr<Ext2Node*>(ext2Node);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Ext2FileSystemParser Class
+ *
+ * Provides high-level interface for EXT2 filesystem operations
+ */
+class Ext2FileSystemParser {
+ private:
+  Ext2Context ctx;  // Internal EXT2 context
+
+ public:
+  /*
+   * Constructor
+   * Initializes the parser with a drive interface
+   *
+   * @param drive: Pointer to drive trait for disk I/O operations
+   */
+  explicit Ext2FileSystemParser(DriveTrait* drive);
+
+  /*
+   * Open a file or directory by path
+   *
+   * @param path: Full path to the file/directory (e.g., "/home/user/file.txt")
+   * @param restrict_type: Access mode restriction (e.g., "r", "w", "rw")
+   * @return: VoidPtr handle to the opened file/directory, or nullptr on failure
+   */
+  VoidPtr Open(const char* path, const char* restrict_type);
+
+  /*
+   * Read data from an open file node
+   *
+   * @param node: File node handle returned by Open()
+   * @param flags: Read operation flags
+   * @param size: Number of bytes to read
+   * @return: Pointer to allocated buffer containing read data, or nullptr on failure
+   *          Caller is responsible for freeing the returned buffer
+   */
+  VoidPtr Read(VoidPtr node, Int32 flags, SizeT size);
+
+  /*
+   * Write data to an open file node
+   *
+   * @param node: File node handle returned by Open()
+   * @param data: Buffer containing data to write
+   * @param flags: Write operation flags
+   * @param size: Number of bytes to write
+   */
+  Void Write(VoidPtr node, VoidPtr data, Int32 flags, SizeT size);
+
+  /*
+   * Seek to a specific position in the file
+   *
+   * @param node: File node handle
+   * @param offset: Byte offset from beginning of file
+   * @return: true on success, false on failure
+   */
+  BOOL Seek(VoidPtr node, SizeT offset);
+
+  /*
+   * Get current position in the file
+   *
+   * @param node: File node handle
+   * @return: Current byte offset from beginning of file
+   */
+  SizeT Tell(VoidPtr node);
+
+  /*
+   * Reset file position to beginning
+   *
+   * @param node: File node handle
+   * @return: true on success, false on failure
+   */
+  BOOL Rewind(VoidPtr node);
+
+  /*
+   * Read data from a named file within a directory node
+   *
+   * @param name: Name of file within the directory
+   * @param node: Directory node handle
+   * @param flags: Read operation flags
+   * @param size: Number of bytes to read
+   * @return: Pointer to allocated buffer containing read data, or nullptr on failure
+   */
+  VoidPtr Read(const char* name, VoidPtr node, Int32 flags, SizeT size);
+
+  /*
+   * Write data to a named file within a directory node
+   *
+   * @param name: Name of file within the directory
+   * @param node: Directory node handle
+   * @param data: Buffer containing data to write
+   * @param flags: Write operation flags
+   * @param size: Number of bytes to write
+   */
+  Void Write(const char* name, VoidPtr node, VoidPtr data, Int32 flags, SizeT size);
+
+  /*
+   * Create a new regular file
+   *
+   * @param path: Full path for the new file
+   * @return: VoidPtr handle to the created file, or nullptr on failure
+   */
+  VoidPtr Create(const char* path);
+
+  /*
+   * Create a new directory
+   *
+   * @param path: Full path for the new directory
+   * @return: VoidPtr handle to the created directory, or nullptr on failure
+   */
+  VoidPtr CreateDirectory(const char* path);
+
+  /*
+   * Close and free a file/directory node
+   * Note: This method is not shown in the implementation but would typically be needed
+   *
+   * @param node: Node handle to close and free
+   */
+  Void Close(VoidPtr node);
+
+  /*
+   * Get file/directory information
+   * Note: This method is not shown in the implementation but would typically be needed
+   *
+   * @param node: Node handle
+   * @param info: Structure to fill with file information (size, type, permissions, etc.)
+   * @return: true on success, false on failure
+   */
+  BOOL GetInfo(VoidPtr node, VoidPtr info);
+};
+}  // namespace Kernel
diff --git a/dev/kernel/FSKit/Ext2.h b/dev/kernel/FSKit/Ext2.h
index 35129dcd..be2e34a6 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/FSKit/Ext2.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/FSKit/Ext2.h
@@ -13,20 +13,20 @@
 #include <hint/CompilerHint.h>
 
 /// @file Ext2.h
-/// @brief EXT2 filesystem structures and constants.
+/// @brief EXT2 filesystem structures, constants, and base wrappers.
 
+/// EXT2 Constants
 #define kExt2FSMagic (0xEF53)
 #define kExt2FSMaxFileNameLen (255U)
 #define kExt2FSSuperblockOffset (1024)
 #define kExt2FSRootInodeNumber (2)
-
 #define kExt2FSInodeSize (128U)
 #define kExt2FSBlockSizeBase (1024U)
 
 #define kExt2FSRev0 (0)
 #define kExt2FSRev1 (1)
 
-/// @brief EXT2's file types.
+/// EXT2 file types
 enum {
   kExt2FileTypeUnknown      = 0,
   kExt2FileTypeRegular      = 1,
@@ -38,7 +38,17 @@ enum {
   kExt2FileTypeSymbolicLink = 7
 };
 
-/// @brief The super block structure, located at LBA 1024.
+typedef struct EXT2_GROUP_DESCRIPTOR final {
+  UInt32 fBlockBitmap;
+  UInt32 fInodeBitmap;
+  UInt32 fInodeTable;
+  UInt16 fFreeBlocksCount;
+  UInt16 fFreeInodesCount;
+  UInt16 fBgUsedDirsCount;
+  UInt16 fBgPad;
+  UInt32 fBgReserved[3];
+} EXT2_GROUP_DESCRIPTOR;
+
 struct PACKED EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK final {
   Kernel::UInt32 fInodeCount;
   Kernel::UInt32 fBlockCount;
@@ -55,7 +65,7 @@ struct PACKED EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK final {
   Kernel::UInt32 fWriteTime;
   Kernel::UInt16 fMountCount;
   Kernel::UInt16 fMaxMountCount;
-  Kernel::UInt16 fMagic;  // should be 0xEF53
+  Kernel::UInt16 fMagic;
   Kernel::UInt16 fState;
   Kernel::UInt16 fErrors;
   Kernel::UInt16 fMinorRevision;
@@ -78,7 +88,6 @@ struct PACKED EXT2_SUPER_BLOCK final {
   Kernel::Char   fLastMounted[64];
   Kernel::UInt32 fAlgoBitmap;
 
-  // Optional journal fields and padding
   Kernel::UInt8  fPreallocBlocks;
   Kernel::UInt8  fPreallocDirBlocks;
   Kernel::UInt16 fReservedGDTBlocks;
@@ -112,22 +121,28 @@ struct PACKED EXT2_INODE final {
   Kernel::UInt32 fFlags;
   Kernel::UInt32 fOSD1;
 
-  Kernel::UInt32
-      fBlock[15];  // 0-11: direct, 12: indirect, 13: double indirect, 14: triple indirect
+  Kernel::UInt32 fBlock[15];  // direct 0-11, indirect 12, double 13, triple 14
 
   Kernel::UInt32 fGeneration;
   Kernel::UInt32 fFileACL;
-  Kernel::UInt32 fDirACL;  // Only for revision 1+
+  Kernel::UInt32 fDirACL;
   Kernel::UInt32 fFragmentAddr;
 
   Kernel::UInt8 fOSD2[12];
 };
 
+/// Directory entry
 struct PACKED EXT2_DIR_ENTRY final {
   Kernel::UInt32 fInode;
   Kernel::UInt16 fRecordLength;
   Kernel::UInt8  fNameLength;
   Kernel::UInt8  fFileType;
-  Kernel::Char
-      fName[kExt2FSMaxFileNameLen];  // null-terminated, not fixed-length in actual on-disk layout
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+  Kernel::Char   fName[kExt2FSMaxFileNameLen];
+};
+
+/// VFS usage
+struct Ext2Node {
+  Kernel::UInt32 inodeNumber;
+  EXT2_INODE     inode;
+  Kernel::UInt32 cursor{0};
+};
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CxxAbi.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CxxAbi.cc
index cd135abc..84a00449 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CxxAbi.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CxxAbi.cc
@@ -62,17 +62,18 @@ EXTERN_C void __cxa_finalize(void* f) {
 }
 
 namespace cxxabiv1 {
-EXTERN_C int __cxa_guard_acquire(__guard* g) {
-  (void) g;
+EXTERN_C int __cxa_guard_acquire(__guard g) {
+  if ((*g & 1) || (*g & 2)) return 1;
+  *g |= 2;
   return 0;
 }
 
-EXTERN_C int __cxa_guard_release(__guard* g) {
-  *(char*) g = 1;
-  return 0;
+EXTERN_C void __cxa_guard_release(__guard g) {
+  *g |= 1;
+  *g &= 2;
 }
 
-EXTERN_C void __cxa_guard_abort(__guard* g) {
-  (void) g;
+EXTERN_C void __cxa_guard_abort(__guard g) {
+  *g &= ~2;
 }
 }  // namespace cxxabiv1
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
index df5386e4..e3e08830 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ struct LAPIC final {
 /// @param target
 /// @return
 /***********************************************************************************/
-Void hal_send_ipi_msg(UInt32 target, UInt32 apic_id, UInt8 vector) {
+EXTERN_C Void hal_send_ipi_msg(UInt32 target, UInt32 apic_id, UInt8 vector) {
   Kernel::ke_dma_write<UInt32>(target, APIC_ICR_HIGH, apic_id << 24);
   Kernel::ke_dma_write<UInt32>(target, APIC_ICR_LOW, 0x00000600 | 0x00004000 | 0x00000000 | vector);
 
@@ -200,10 +200,7 @@ Void mp_init_cores(VoidPtr vendor_ptr) noexcept {
       UInt8 type   = *entry_ptr;
       UInt8 length = *(entry_ptr + 1);
 
-      // Avoid infinite loop on bad APIC tables.
-      if (length < 2) break;
-
-      if (type == 0) {
+      if (type == 0 && length == sizeof(struct LAPIC)) {
         volatile LAPIC* entry_struct = (volatile LAPIC*) entry_ptr;
 
         if (entry_struct->Flags & 0x1) {
@@ -212,15 +209,15 @@ Void mp_init_cores(VoidPtr vendor_ptr) noexcept {
 
           ++kSMPCount;
 
-          kout << "Kind: LAPIC: ON\r";
+          kout << "AP: kind: LAPIC: ON.\r";
 
           // 0x7c00, as recommended by the Intel SDM.
           hal_send_ipi_msg(kApicBaseAddress, entry_struct->ProcessorID, 0x7c);
         } else {
-          kout << "Kind: LAPIC: OFF\r";
+          kout << "AP: kind: LAPIC: OFF.\r";
         }
       } else {
-        kout << "Kind: UNKNOWN: OFF\r";
+        kout << "AP: kind: UNKNOWN: OFF.\r";
       }
 
       entry_ptr += length;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
index 1e9fbab3..789c1067 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ namespace Detail {
 
 TerminalDevice::~TerminalDevice() = default;
 
+#ifdef __DEBUG__
 STATIC SizeT kX = kFontSizeX, kY = kFontSizeY;
+#endif  // __DEBUG__
 
 EXTERN_C void ke_utf_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>* obj, const Utf8Char* bytes) {
   NE_UNUSED(bytes);
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc
index f121fbb4..6f4d7e0a 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc
@@ -32,17 +32,14 @@ EXTERN_C Int32 hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
 
   HAL::rt_sti();
 
-  kHandoverHeader = handover_hdr;
-
-  FB::fb_clear_video();
-
   fw_init_efi((EfiSystemTable*) handover_hdr->f_FirmwareCustomTables[1]);
 
   Boot::ExitBootServices(handover_hdr->f_HardwareTables.f_ImageKey,
                          handover_hdr->f_HardwareTables.f_ImageHandle);
 
-  kBitMapCursor = 0UL;
-  kKernelVM     = kHandoverHeader->f_PageStart;
+  kHandoverHeader = handover_hdr;
+
+  kKernelVM = kHandoverHeader->f_PageStart;
 
   if (!kKernelVM) {
     MUST_PASS(kKernelVM);
@@ -55,6 +52,7 @@ EXTERN_C Int32 hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
   /*     INITIALIZE BIT MAP.              */
   /************************************** */
 
+  kBitMapCursor    = 0UL;
   kKernelBitMpSize = kHandoverHeader->f_BitMapSize;
   kKernelBitMpStart =
       reinterpret_cast<VoidPtr>(reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(kHandoverHeader->f_BitMapStart));
@@ -120,6 +118,8 @@ EXTERN_C Int32 hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
   kGDTArray[4].fFlags      = 0;
   kGDTArray[4].fBaseHigh   = 0;
 
+  FB::fb_clear_video();
+
   // Load memory descriptors.
   HAL::Register64 gdt_reg;
 
@@ -133,24 +133,14 @@ EXTERN_C Int32 hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
   return kEfiFail;
 }
 
-EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_real_init(Kernel::Void) noexcept {
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_real_init(Kernel::Void) {
   using namespace Kernel;
 
-  for (SizeT index = 0UL; index < HardwareThreadScheduler::The().Capacity(); ++index) {
-    HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[index].Leak()->Kind() = ThreadKind::kAPStandard;
-    HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[index].Leak()->ID()   = index;
-    HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[index].Leak()->Busy(NO);
-  }
-
-  for (SizeT index = 0UL; index < UserProcessScheduler::The().TheCurrentTeam().AsArray().Count();
-       ++index) {
-    UserProcessScheduler::The().TheCurrentTeam().AsArray()[index].Status =
-        ProcessStatusKind::kInvalid;
-  }
+  HAL::Register64 idt_reg;
+  idt_reg.Base = reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(kInterruptVectorTable);
 
-  rtl_create_user_process(sched_idle_task, "MgmtSrv");    //! Mgmt command server.
-  rtl_create_user_process(sched_idle_task, "LaunchSrv");  //! launchd
-  rtl_create_user_process(sched_idle_task, "SecSrv");     //! Login Server
+  HAL::IDTLoader idt_loader;
+  idt_loader.Load(idt_reg);
 
   HAL::mp_init_cores(kHandoverHeader->f_HardwareTables.f_VendorPtr);
 
@@ -162,13 +152,6 @@ EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_real_init(Kernel::Void) noexcept {
   NeFS::fs_init_nefs();
 #endif
 
-  HAL::Register64 idt_reg;
-  idt_reg.Base = reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(kInterruptVectorTable);
-
-  HAL::IDTLoader idt_loader;
-
-  idt_loader.Load(idt_reg);
-
   while (YES)
     ;
 }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalHandoverStub.s b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalHandoverStub.s
index 7c70ebfd..c0e7cb2b 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalHandoverStub.s
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalHandoverStub.s
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 
 .section .ldr
 
-  ;; MAGIC
+  ;; // MAGIC
 .quad 0xDAB4
-  ;; VERSION (1.0.0)
+  ;; // VERSION (1.0.0)
 .word 100
-  ;; CPU (ARM64)
+  ;; // CPU (ARM64)
 .word 0
-  ;; TYPE (KERNEL)
+  ;; // TYPE (KERNEL)
 .word 122
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc
index d7663f4e..b711b833 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc
@@ -35,10 +35,6 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
     return;
   }
 
-  FB::fb_clear_video();
-
-  kBitMapCursor = 0UL;
-
 #ifdef __NE_ARM64_EFI__
   fw_init_efi((EfiSystemTable*) handover_hdr->f_FirmwareCustomTables[1]);
 
@@ -46,31 +42,19 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
                          handover_hdr->f_HardwareTables.f_ImageHandle);
 #endif
 
+  FB::fb_clear_video();
+
   /************************************** */
   /*     INITIALIZE BIT MAP.              */
   /************************************** */
 
+  kBitMapCursor     = 0UL;
   kKernelBitMpSize  = kHandoverHeader->f_BitMapSize;
   kKernelBitMpStart = reinterpret_cast<Kernel::VoidPtr>(
       reinterpret_cast<Kernel::UIntPtr>(kHandoverHeader->f_BitMapStart));
 
   /// @note do initialize the interrupts after it.
 
-  for (SizeT index = 0UL; index < HardwareThreadScheduler::The().Capacity(); ++index) {
-    HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[index].Leak()->Kind() = ThreadKind::kAPStandard;
-    HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[index].Leak()->Busy(NO);
-  }
-
-  for (SizeT index = 0UL; index < UserProcessScheduler::The().TheCurrentTeam().AsArray().Count();
-       ++index) {
-    UserProcessScheduler::The().TheCurrentTeam().AsArray()[index].Status =
-        ProcessStatusKind::kInvalid;
-  }
-
-  rtl_create_user_process(sched_idle_task, "MgmtSrv");    //! Mgmt command server.
-  rtl_create_user_process(sched_idle_task, "LaunchSrv");  //! launchd
-  rtl_create_user_process(sched_idle_task, "SecSrv");     //! Login Server
-
   Kernel::mp_init_cores();
 
   while (YES)
diff --git a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/FileMgr.h b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/FileMgr.h
index f925a96c..bad6cf85 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/KernelKit/FileMgr.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/KernelKit/FileMgr.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 /// @author Amlal El Mahrouss (amlal@nekernel.org)
 
 //! Include filesystems that NeKernel supports.
-#include <FSKit/Ext2.h>
+#include <FSKit/Ext2+IFS.h>
 #include <FSKit/HeFS.h>
 #include <FSKit/NeFS.h>
 
@@ -177,6 +177,52 @@ class NeFileSystemMgr final : public IFilesystemMgr {
 
 #endif  // ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_NEFS__
 
+#ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_EXT2__
+/**
+ * @brief Based of IFilesystemMgr, takes care of managing NeFS
+ * disks.
+ */
+class Ext2FileSystemMgr final : public IFilesystemMgr {
+ public:
+  explicit Ext2FileSystemMgr();
+  ~Ext2FileSystemMgr() override;
+
+ public:
+  NE_COPY_DEFAULT(Ext2FileSystemMgr)
+
+ public:
+  NodePtr Create(const Char* path) override;
+  NodePtr CreateAlias(const Char* path) override;
+  NodePtr CreateDirectory(const Char* path) override;
+  NodePtr CreateSwapFile(const Char* path) override;
+
+ public:
+  bool    Remove(_Input const Char* path) override;
+  NodePtr Open(_Input const Char* path, _Input const Char* r) override;
+  Void    Write(_Input NodePtr node, _Input VoidPtr data, _Input Int32 flags,
+                _Input SizeT sz) override;
+  VoidPtr Read(_Input NodePtr node, _Input Int32 flags, _Input SizeT sz) override;
+  bool    Seek(_Input NodePtr node, _Input SizeT off) override;
+  SizeT   Tell(_Input NodePtr node) override;
+  bool    Rewind(_Input NodePtr node) override;
+
+  Void Write(_Input const Char* name, _Input NodePtr node, _Input VoidPtr data, _Input Int32 flags,
+             _Input SizeT size) override;
+
+  _Output VoidPtr Read(_Input const Char* name, _Input NodePtr node, _Input Int32 flags,
+                       _Input SizeT sz) override;
+
+ public:
+  /// @brief Get NeFS parser class.
+  /// @return The filesystem parser class.
+  Ext2FileSystemParser* GetParser() noexcept;
+
+ private:
+  Ext2FileSystemParser* mParser{nullptr};
+};
+
+#endif  // ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_EXT2__
+
 #ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_HEFS__
 /**
  * @brief Based of IFilesystemMgr, takes care of managing NeFS
diff --git a/dev/kernel/NeKit/CxxAbi.h b/dev/kernel/NeKit/CxxAbi.h
index 164a257d..4b7bf002 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/NeKit/CxxAbi.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/NeKit/CxxAbi.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <NeKit/Defines.h>
 
-#ifndef __TOOLCHAINKIT__
+#ifndef __NECTI__
 
 #define kAtExitMacDestructors (128)
 
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ struct atexit_func_entry_t {
   void* dso_handle;
 };
 
-typedef unsigned uarch_t;
+typedef Kernel::UInt32 uarch_t;
 
 namespace cxxabiv1 {
-typedef void* __guard;
+typedef Kernel::SizeT* __guard;
 }
 
-#endif  // __GNUC__
+#endif  // !__NECTI__
diff --git a/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h b/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h
index b653e0ee..e8b3b6fc 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/NeKit/ErrorOr.h
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ class ErrorOr final {
     return *this;
   }
 
+  const T& Value() { return mRef.TryLeak(); }
+
   Ref<T>& Leak() { return mRef; }
 
   Int32 Error() { return mId; }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h b/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
index 46e94f88..a791ee1a 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Ref final {
 
   T& Leak() noexcept { return fClass; }
 
-  T& TryLeak() const noexcept { return fClass; }
+  T& TryLeak() noexcept { return fClass; }
 
   T operator*() { return fClass; }
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/amd64-desktop.make b/dev/kernel/amd64-desktop.make
index 36b0f18e..bfcca16b 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/amd64-desktop.make
+++ b/dev/kernel/amd64-desktop.make
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 CXX			= x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++
 LD			= x86_64-w64-mingw32-ld
-CCFLAGS		= -fshort-wchar -c -D__NE_AMD64__  -D__NE_VEPM__ -Wall -Wpedantic -Wextra -mno-red-zone -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -std=c++20 -D__FSKIT_INCLUDES_HEFS__ -D__NE_SUPPORT_NX__ -O0 -I../vendor -D__NEOSKRNL__ -D__HAVE_NE_APIS__ -D__FREESTANDING__ -D__NE_VIRTUAL_MEMORY_SUPPORT__ -D__NE_AUTO_FORMAT__ -D__NE__ -I./ -I../ -I../boot
+CCFLAGS		= -fshort-wchar -c -D__NE_AMD64__  -D__NE_VEPM__ -Wall -Wpedantic -Wextra -mno-red-zone -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -std=c++20 -D__FSKIT_INCLUDES_HEFS__ -D__FSKIT_INCLUDES_EXT2__ -D__NE_SUPPORT_NX__ -O0 -I../vendor -D__NEOSKRNL__ -D__HAVE_NE_APIS__ -D__FREESTANDING__ -D__NE_VIRTUAL_MEMORY_SUPPORT__ -D__NE_AUTO_FORMAT__ -D__NE__ -I./ -I../ -I../boot
 
 ASM 		= nasm
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/ACPIFactoryInterface.cc b/dev/kernel/src/ACPIFactoryInterface.cc
index 711ea588..6cebf26c 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/ACPIFactoryInterface.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/ACPIFactoryInterface.cc
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ ErrorOr<voidPtr> ACPIFactoryInterface::Find(const Char* signature) {
 @param len the length of it.
 */
 bool ACPIFactoryInterface::Checksum(const Char* checksum, SSizeT len) {
-  if (len == 0 || !checksum) return false;
+  if (len == 0 || !checksum) return NO;
 
   Char chr = 0;
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/AsciiUtils.cc b/dev/kernel/src/AsciiUtils.cc
index 24e4e220..cca3a368 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/AsciiUtils.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/AsciiUtils.cc
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 namespace Kernel {
 
-Int     rt_copy_memory_safe(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len, Size dst_size);
+Int32   rt_copy_memory_safe(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len, Size dst_size);
 voidPtr rt_set_memory_safe(voidPtr dst, UInt32 value, Size len, Size dst_size);
 
 Int32 rt_string_cmp(const Char* src, const Char* cmp, Size size) {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const Char* rt_alloc_string(const Char* src) {
   return buffer;
 }
 
-Int rt_copy_memory_safe(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len, Size dst_size) {
+Int32 rt_copy_memory_safe(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len, Size dst_size) {
   if (!src || !dst || len > dst_size) {
     if (dst && dst_size) {
       rt_set_memory_safe(dst, 0, dst_size, dst_size);
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ rt_set_memory(voidPtr src, UInt32 value, Size len) {
 #ifdef __NE_ENFORCE_DEPRECATED_WARNINGS
 [[deprecated("Use rt_copy_memory_safe instead")]]
 #endif
-Int rt_copy_memory(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len) {
+Int32 rt_copy_memory(const voidPtr src, voidPtr dst, Size len) {
   if (!src || !dst) return -1;
   auto s = reinterpret_cast<const UInt8*>(src);
   auto d = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(dst);
@@ -134,11 +134,15 @@ Bool rt_to_string(Char* str, UInt64 value, Int32 base) {
     str[j]         = str[i - j - 1];
     str[i - j - 1] = tmp;
   }
+
+  return YES;
 #endif
-  return true;
+  return NO;
 }
 
 VoidPtr rt_string_in_string(const Char* haystack, const Char* needle) {
+  if (!haystack || !needle) return nullptr;
+
   SizeT needle_len = rt_string_len(needle);
   SizeT hay_len    = rt_string_len(haystack);
 
@@ -152,6 +156,7 @@ VoidPtr rt_string_in_string(const Char* haystack, const Char* needle) {
 }
 
 Char* rt_string_has_char(Char* str, Char ch) {
+  if (!str) return nullptr;
   while (*str && *str != ch) ++str;
   return (*str == ch) ? str : nullptr;
 }
@@ -166,7 +171,7 @@ EXTERN_C void* memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, long long unsigned int len) {
   return dst;
 }
 
-EXTERN_C Kernel::Int32 strcmp(const char* a, const char* b) {
+EXTERN_C Int32 strcmp(const char* a, const char* b) {
   return Kernel::rt_string_cmp(a, b, rt_string_len(a));
 }
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileMgr.cc b/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileMgr.cc
index 810e7e44..7c28c0c9 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileMgr.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileMgr.cc
@@ -7,8 +7,1555 @@
 #ifndef __NE_MINIMAL_OS__
 #ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_EXT2__
 
+#include <FSKit/Ext2+IFS.h>
+#include <FSKit/Ext2.h>
+#include <KernelKit/DebugOutput.h>
 #include <KernelKit/FileMgr.h>
 #include <KernelKit/HeapMgr.h>
+#include <NeKit/ErrorOr.h>
+#include <NeKit/KString.h>
+#include <NeKit/KernelPanic.h>
+#include <NeKit/Utils.h>
 
-#endif  // ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_EXT2__
-#endif  // ifndef __NE_MINIMAL_OS__
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS          = 12;
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_SINGLE_INDIRECT_INDEX  = 12;
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_DOUBLE_INDIRECT_INDEX  = 13;
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_TRIPLE_INDIRECT_INDEX  = 14;
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_ROOT_INODE             = 2;
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_SUPERBLOCK_BLOCK       = 1;
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_GROUP_DESC_BLOCK_SMALL = 2;
+constexpr UInt32 EXT2_GROUP_DESC_BLOCK_LARGE = 1;
+
+static inline SizeT ext2_min(SizeT a, SizeT b) {
+  return a < b ? a : b;
+}
+
+struct Ext2GroupInfo {
+  EXT2_GROUP_DESCRIPTOR* groupDesc;
+  UInt32                 groupDescriptorBlock;
+  UInt32                 offsetInGroupDescBlock;
+  UInt8*                 blockBuffer;
+};
+
+// Convert EXT2 block number -> LBA (sector index) for Drive I/O.
+static inline UInt32 ext2_block_to_lba(Ext2Context* ctx,
+                                               UInt32       blockNumber) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->drive) return 0;
+  UInt32 blockSize       = ctx->BlockSize();
+  UInt32 sectorSize      = ctx->drive->fSectorSz;
+  UInt32 sectorsPerBlock = blockSize / sectorSize;
+  return blockNumber * sectorsPerBlock;
+}
+
+// Read a block and return a pointer to its content
+static ErrorOr<UInt32*> ext2_read_block_ptr(Ext2Context* ctx,
+                                                    UInt32       blockNumber) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->drive || !ctx->superblock)
+    return ErrorOr<UInt32*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt32 blockSize = ctx->BlockSize();
+  auto           buf       = (UInt32*) mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+  if (!buf) return ErrorOr<UInt32*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  UInt32 lba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, blockNumber);
+  if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, lba, buf, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(buf);
+    return ErrorOr<UInt32*>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+  return ErrorOr<UInt32*>(buf);
+}
+
+// Get the block address for a given logical block index
+static ErrorOr<UInt32> ext2_get_block_address(Ext2Context* ctx, Ext2Node* node,
+                                                      UInt32 logicalIndex) {
+  if (!ctx || !node || !ctx->drive) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt32 blockSize        = ctx->BlockSize();
+  UInt32 pointersPerBlock = blockSize / sizeof(UInt32);
+
+  // Direct blocks
+  if (logicalIndex < EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS) {
+    UInt32 bn = node->inode.fBlock[logicalIndex];
+    if (bn == 0) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+    return ErrorOr<UInt32>(bn);
+  }
+
+  // Single indirect blocks
+  if (logicalIndex < (EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS + pointersPerBlock)) {
+    UInt32 iblock = node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_SINGLE_INDIRECT_INDEX];
+    if (iblock == 0) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+    auto res = ext2_read_block_ptr(ctx, iblock);
+    if (!res) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(res.Error());
+
+    // Using dereference operator
+    UInt32* ptr = *res.Leak();  // operator* returns T (UInt32*)
+
+    UInt32 val = ptr[logicalIndex - EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS];
+    mm_free_ptr(ptr);
+
+    if (val == 0) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+    return ErrorOr<UInt32>(val);
+  }
+
+  // Double indirect blocks
+  UInt32 doubleStart = EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS + pointersPerBlock;
+  UInt32 doubleSpan  = pointersPerBlock * pointersPerBlock;
+  if (logicalIndex < (doubleStart + doubleSpan)) {
+    UInt32 db = node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_DOUBLE_INDIRECT_INDEX];
+    if (db == 0) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+    auto dblRes = ext2_read_block_ptr(ctx, db);
+    if (!dblRes) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(dblRes.Error());
+
+    UInt32* dblPtr = *dblRes.Leak();
+
+    UInt32 idxWithin      = logicalIndex - doubleStart;
+    UInt32 firstIdx       = idxWithin / pointersPerBlock;
+    UInt32 secondIdx      = idxWithin % pointersPerBlock;
+    UInt32 singleBlockNum = dblPtr[firstIdx];
+
+    mm_free_ptr(dblPtr);
+    if (singleBlockNum == 0) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+    auto singleRes = ext2_read_block_ptr(ctx, singleBlockNum);
+    if (!singleRes) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(singleRes.Error());
+
+    UInt32* singlePtr = *singleRes.Leak();
+    UInt32  val       = singlePtr[secondIdx];
+    mm_free_ptr(singlePtr);
+
+    if (val == 0) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+    return ErrorOr<UInt32>(val);
+  }
+
+  return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorUnimplemented);
+}
+
+static ErrorOr<voidPtr> ext2_read_inode_data(Ext2Context* ctx, Ext2Node* node,
+                                                     SizeT size) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->drive || !node || size == 0) return ErrorOr<voidPtr>(1);
+
+  auto  blockSize   = ctx->BlockSize();
+  SizeT available   = (node->inode.fSize > node->cursor) ? (node->inode.fSize - node->cursor) : 0;
+  SizeT bytesToRead = (size < available) ? size : available;
+  if (bytesToRead == 0) return ErrorOr<voidPtr>(2);  // nothing to read
+
+  auto buffer = mm_alloc_ptr(bytesToRead, true, false);
+  if (!buffer) return ErrorOr<voidPtr>(3);  // allocation failed
+
+  UInt32 currentOffset = node->cursor;
+  SizeT  remaining     = bytesToRead;
+  UInt8* dest          = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(buffer);
+
+  while (remaining > 0) {
+    UInt32 logicalIndex  = currentOffset / blockSize;
+    UInt32 offsetInBlock = currentOffset % blockSize;
+
+    auto phys = ext2_get_block_address(ctx, node, logicalIndex);
+    if (phys.HasError()) {
+      mm_free_ptr(buffer);
+      return ErrorOr<voidPtr>(phys.Error());
+    }
+
+    auto   blockNumber = phys.Value();
+    UInt32 lba         = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, blockNumber);
+
+    auto blockBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+    if (!blockBuf) {
+      mm_free_ptr(buffer);
+      return ErrorOr<voidPtr>(4);  // block buffer allocation failed
+    }
+
+    if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, lba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+      mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+      mm_free_ptr(buffer);
+      return ErrorOr<voidPtr>(5);  // block read failed
+    }
+
+    SizeT chunk = ext2_min(remaining, blockSize - offsetInBlock);
+    rt_copy_memory_safe(static_cast<void*>(static_cast<UInt8*>(blockBuf) + offsetInBlock),
+                        static_cast<void*>(dest), chunk, chunk);
+
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+
+    currentOffset += static_cast<UInt32>(chunk);
+    dest += chunk;
+    remaining -= chunk;
+  }
+
+  node->cursor += static_cast<UInt32>(bytesToRead);
+  return ErrorOr<voidPtr>(buffer);
+}
+
+// Get group descriptor information for a given block/inode number
+static ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*> ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(Ext2Context* ctx,
+                                                              UInt32 targetBlockOrInode) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->superblock || !ctx->drive) return ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt32 blockSize      = ctx->BlockSize();
+  UInt32 blocksPerGroup = ctx->superblock->fBlocksPerGroup;
+  UInt32 inodesPerGroup = ctx->superblock->fInodesPerGroup;
+  UInt32 totalBlocks    = ctx->superblock->fBlockCount;
+  UInt32 totalInodes    = ctx->superblock->fInodeCount;
+
+  if (blocksPerGroup == 0 || inodesPerGroup == 0) return ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  // block group index
+  UInt32 groupIndex = 0;
+  if (targetBlockOrInode == 0) {
+    groupIndex = 0;
+  } else if (targetBlockOrInode <= totalInodes) {
+    // 1-based
+    groupIndex = (targetBlockOrInode - 1) / inodesPerGroup;
+  } else {
+    // EXT2 block number
+    if (targetBlockOrInode < ctx->superblock->fFirstDataBlock) {
+      groupIndex = 0;
+    } else {
+      groupIndex = (targetBlockOrInode - ctx->superblock->fFirstDataBlock) / blocksPerGroup;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Calculate number of block groups
+  UInt32 groupsCount = static_cast<UInt32>((totalBlocks + blocksPerGroup - 1) / blocksPerGroup);
+  if (groupIndex >= groupsCount) return ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  // Determine GDT start block
+  UInt32 gdtStartBlock =
+      (blockSize == 1024) ? EXT2_GROUP_DESC_BLOCK_SMALL : EXT2_GROUP_DESC_BLOCK_LARGE;
+
+  // Compute byte offset of descriptor within the GDT
+  const UInt32 descSize       = sizeof(EXT2_GROUP_DESCRIPTOR);
+  UInt64       descByteOffset = static_cast<UInt64>(groupIndex) * descSize;
+
+  // Which EXT2 block contains that descriptor?
+  UInt32 blockOffsetWithinGdt   = static_cast<UInt32>(descByteOffset / blockSize);
+  UInt32 offsetInGroupDescBlock = static_cast<UInt32>(descByteOffset % blockSize);
+  UInt32 groupDescriptorBlock   = gdtStartBlock + blockOffsetWithinGdt;
+
+  // Allocate buffer and read the block containing the descriptor
+  auto blockBuffer = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+  if (!blockBuffer) return ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  UInt32 groupDescriptorLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, groupDescriptorBlock);
+  if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, groupDescriptorLba, blockBuffer, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuffer);
+    return ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  auto groupInfo = (Ext2GroupInfo*) mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2GroupInfo), true, false);
+  if (!groupInfo) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuffer);
+    return ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+  }
+
+  groupInfo->groupDesc = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_GROUP_DESCRIPTOR*>(
+      reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(blockBuffer) + offsetInGroupDescBlock);
+  groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock   = groupDescriptorBlock;
+  groupInfo->offsetInGroupDescBlock = offsetInGroupDescBlock;
+  groupInfo->blockBuffer            = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(blockBuffer);
+
+  return ErrorOr<Ext2GroupInfo*>(groupInfo);
+}
+
+// Allocate a new block
+inline ErrorOr<UInt32> ext2_alloc_block(Ext2Context*   ctx,
+                                        EXT2_GROUP_DESCRIPTOR* groupDesc) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->superblock || !groupDesc) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt32 blockSize = ctx->BlockSize();
+
+  // for the bitmap
+  auto bitmap = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+  if (!bitmap) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  // Read block bitmap
+  if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, groupDesc->fBlockBitmap, bitmap, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+    return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  // bit = 0
+  for (UInt32 byteIdx = 0; byteIdx < blockSize; ++byteIdx) {
+    auto byte = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(bitmap)[byteIdx];
+    if (byte != 0xFF) {
+      for (int bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+        if (!(byte & (1 << bit))) {
+          // Mark bit as used
+          reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(bitmap)[byteIdx] |= (1 << bit);
+
+          // Compute block number
+          UInt32 blockNumber = byteIdx * 8 + bit;
+
+          // Write bitmap back
+          if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, groupDesc->fBlockBitmap, bitmap, blockSize)) {
+            mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+            return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorDisk);
+          }
+
+          // Update group descriptor free count
+          groupDesc->fFreeBlocksCount--;
+          mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+          return ErrorOr<UInt32>(blockNumber);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+  return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorDiskIsFull);
+}
+
+// Indirect blocks
+static ErrorOr<Void*> ext2_set_block_address(Ext2Context* ctx,
+                                                             Ext2Node*            node,
+                                                             UInt32       logicalBlockIndex,
+                                                             UInt32 physicalBlockNumber) {
+  using namespace Kernel;
+
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->drive || !node) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  auto   blockSize             = ctx->BlockSize();
+  UInt32 blocksPerPointerBlock = blockSize / sizeof(UInt32);
+
+  // Direct blocks
+  if (logicalBlockIndex < EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS) {
+    node->inode.fBlock[logicalBlockIndex] = physicalBlockNumber;
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(nullptr);
+  }
+
+  // Single indirect blocks
+  if (logicalBlockIndex < EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS + blocksPerPointerBlock) {
+    if (node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_SINGLE_INDIRECT_INDEX] == 0) {
+      auto groupInfoRes = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(ctx, node->inodeNumber);
+      if (groupInfoRes.HasError()) return ErrorOr<Void*>(groupInfoRes.Error());
+
+      auto groupInfo   = groupInfoRes.Leak().Leak();  // Ref<Ext2GroupInfo*>
+      auto newBlockRes = ext2_alloc_block(ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+      if (newBlockRes.HasError()) {
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(newBlockRes.Error());
+      }
+
+      node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_SINGLE_INDIRECT_INDEX] = newBlockRes.Leak();
+
+      UInt32 gdtLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+      mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+      // Zero out new indirect block
+      auto zeroBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+      if (!zeroBuf) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+      rt_zero_memory(zeroBuf, blockSize);
+      UInt32 indirectLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_SINGLE_INDIRECT_INDEX]);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, indirectLba, zeroBuf, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(zeroBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(zeroBuf);
+    }
+
+    // Read, modify, and write single indirect block
+    auto indirectRes = ext2_read_block_ptr(ctx, node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_SINGLE_INDIRECT_INDEX]);
+    if (indirectRes.HasError()) return ErrorOr<Void*>(indirectRes.Error());
+
+    UInt32* indirectPtr = indirectRes.Leak().Leak();  // Ref<UInt32*>
+    indirectPtr[logicalBlockIndex - EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS] = physicalBlockNumber;
+
+    UInt32 indirectLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_SINGLE_INDIRECT_INDEX]);
+    if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, indirectLba, indirectPtr, blockSize)) {
+      mm_free_ptr(indirectPtr);
+      return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+    }
+
+    mm_free_ptr(indirectPtr);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(nullptr);
+  }
+
+  // Double
+  UInt32 doubleStart = EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS + blocksPerPointerBlock;
+  UInt32 doubleSpan  = blocksPerPointerBlock * blocksPerPointerBlock;
+  if (logicalBlockIndex < doubleStart + doubleSpan) {
+    if (node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_DOUBLE_INDIRECT_INDEX] == 0) {
+      auto groupInfoRes = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(ctx, node->inodeNumber);
+      if (groupInfoRes.HasError()) return ErrorOr<Void*>(groupInfoRes.Error());
+
+      auto groupInfo   = groupInfoRes.Leak().Leak();
+      auto newBlockRes = ext2_alloc_block(ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+      if (newBlockRes.HasError()) {
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(newBlockRes.Error());
+      }
+
+      node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_DOUBLE_INDIRECT_INDEX] = newBlockRes.Leak();
+
+      UInt32 gdtLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+      mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+      // Zero new double-indirect block
+      auto zeroBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+      if (!zeroBuf) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+      rt_zero_memory(zeroBuf, blockSize);
+      UInt32 dblLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_DOUBLE_INDIRECT_INDEX]);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, dblLba, zeroBuf, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(zeroBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(zeroBuf);
+    }
+
+    // Compute indices
+    UInt32 idxWithin = logicalBlockIndex - doubleStart;
+    UInt32 firstIdx  = idxWithin / blocksPerPointerBlock;
+    UInt32 secondIdx = idxWithin % blocksPerPointerBlock;
+
+    auto doubleRes = ext2_read_block_ptr(ctx, node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_DOUBLE_INDIRECT_INDEX]);
+    if (doubleRes.HasError()) return ErrorOr<Void*>(doubleRes.Error());
+
+    UInt32* doublePtr           = doubleRes.Leak().Leak();
+    UInt32  singleIndirectBlock = doublePtr[firstIdx];
+
+    // Allocate single-indirect if missing
+    if (singleIndirectBlock == 0) {
+      auto groupInfoRes = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(ctx, node->inodeNumber);
+      if (groupInfoRes.HasError()) {
+        mm_free_ptr(doublePtr);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(groupInfoRes.Error());
+      }
+
+      auto groupInfo   = groupInfoRes.Leak().Leak();
+      auto newBlockRes = ext2_alloc_block(ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+      if (newBlockRes.HasError()) {
+        mm_free_ptr(doublePtr);
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(newBlockRes.Error());
+      }
+
+      singleIndirectBlock = newBlockRes.Leak();
+      doublePtr[firstIdx] = singleIndirectBlock;
+
+      // Write back GDT
+      UInt32 gdtLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(doublePtr);
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+      mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+      // Zero single-indirect block
+      auto zeroBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+      if (!zeroBuf) {
+        mm_free_ptr(doublePtr);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+      }
+
+      rt_zero_memory(zeroBuf, blockSize);
+      UInt32 singleLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, singleIndirectBlock);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, singleLba, zeroBuf, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(zeroBuf);
+        mm_free_ptr(doublePtr);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(zeroBuf);
+
+      // Write double-indirect back to disk
+      UInt32 dblLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, node->inode.fBlock[EXT2_DOUBLE_INDIRECT_INDEX]);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, dblLba, doublePtr, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(doublePtr);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+    }
+
+    mm_free_ptr(doublePtr);
+
+    // Write to single-indirect block
+    auto singleRes = ext2_read_block_ptr(ctx, singleIndirectBlock);
+    if (singleRes.HasError()) return ErrorOr<Void*>(singleRes.Error());
+
+    UInt32* singlePtr    = singleRes.Leak().Leak();
+    singlePtr[secondIdx] = physicalBlockNumber;
+
+    UInt32 singleLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, singleIndirectBlock);
+    if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, singleLba, singlePtr, blockSize)) {
+      mm_free_ptr(singlePtr);
+      return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+    }
+
+    mm_free_ptr(singlePtr);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(nullptr);
+  }
+
+  // Triple indirect blocks not implemented
+  return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorUnimplemented);
+}
+
+// Find a directory entry by name within a directory inode
+static ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*> ext2_find_dir_entry(Ext2Context* ctx, Ext2Node* dirNode,
+                                                    const char* name) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->drive || !dirNode || !name)
+    return ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  // Check directory type
+  auto type = (dirNode->inode.fMode >> 12) & 0xF;
+  if (type != kExt2FileTypeDirectory) return ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt32 blockSize = ctx->BlockSize();
+  auto           blockBuf  = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+  if (!blockBuf) return ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  SizeT nameLen = rt_string_len(name);
+  for (UInt32 i = 0; i < EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS; ++i) {
+    UInt32 blockNum = dirNode->inode.fBlock[i];
+    if (blockNum == 0) continue;
+
+    UInt32 lba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, blockNum);
+    if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, lba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+      mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+      return ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(kErrorDisk);
+    }
+
+    UInt32 offset = 0;
+    while (offset + sizeof(UInt32) + sizeof(UInt16) <= blockSize) {
+      auto onDiskEntry = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>((UInt8*) blockBuf + offset);
+      if (onDiskEntry->fRecordLength == 0) break;  // corrupted
+
+      if (onDiskEntry->fInode != 0 && onDiskEntry->fNameLength == nameLen) {
+        // Compare names
+        if (rt_string_cmp(name, onDiskEntry->fName, nameLen) == 0) {
+          // Allocate a result sized to hold the name + metadata
+          SizeT recSize = sizeof(EXT2_DIR_ENTRY);
+          auto  found   = (EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*) mm_alloc_ptr(recSize, true, false);
+          if (!found) {
+            mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+            return ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+          }
+
+          // Copy only record-length bytes
+          rt_copy_memory_safe(onDiskEntry, found, onDiskEntry->fRecordLength, recSize);
+          mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+          return ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(found);
+        }
+      }
+      offset += onDiskEntry->fRecordLength;
+    }
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+  return ErrorOr<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(kErrorFileNotFound);
+}
+
+// Compute ideal record length for a directory name
+static inline UInt16 ext2_dir_entry_ideal_len(UInt8 nameLen) {
+  UInt16 raw =
+      static_cast<UInt16>(8 + nameLen);         // 8 = inode(4)+rec_len(2)+name_len(1)+file_type(1)
+  return static_cast<UInt16>((raw + 3) & ~3u);  // align up to 4
+}
+
+static ErrorOr<Void*> ext2_add_dir_entry(Ext2Context* ctx, Ext2Node* parentDirNode,
+                                                 const char* name, UInt32 inodeNumber,
+                                                 UInt8 fileType) {
+  using namespace Kernel;
+
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->drive || !parentDirNode || !name) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt32 blockSize = ctx->BlockSize();
+  SizeT  nameLen   = rt_string_len(name);
+  if (nameLen == 0 || nameLen > 255) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt16 newRecIdeal = ext2_dir_entry_ideal_len(static_cast<UInt8>(nameLen));
+
+  auto blockBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+  if (!blockBuf) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  for (UInt32 bi = 0; bi < EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS; ++bi) {
+    UInt32 blockNum = parentDirNode->inode.fBlock[bi];
+
+    if (blockNum == 0) {
+      // Allocate new block
+      auto groupInfoRes = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(ctx, parentDirNode->inodeNumber);
+      if (!groupInfoRes) {
+        mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(groupInfoRes.Error());
+      }
+
+      auto groupInfo     = *groupInfoRes.Leak();  // Dereference to get Ext2GroupInfo*
+      auto allocBlockRes = ext2_alloc_block(ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+      if (!allocBlockRes) {
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(allocBlockRes.Error());
+      }
+
+      UInt32 newBlock = *allocBlockRes.Leak();  // Dereference to get UInt32
+      UInt32 gdtLba   = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+        mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+      mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+      // Zero block & insert entry
+      rt_zero_memory(blockBuf, blockSize);
+      auto entry           = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(blockBuf);
+      entry->fInode        = inodeNumber;
+      entry->fNameLength   = static_cast<UInt8>(nameLen);
+      entry->fFileType     = fileType;
+      entry->fRecordLength = static_cast<UInt16>(blockSize);
+      rt_copy_memory_safe(const_cast<char*>(name), entry->fName, nameLen, blockSize);
+
+      UInt32 blockLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, newBlock);
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, blockLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      auto setRes = ext2_set_block_address(ctx, parentDirNode, bi, newBlock);
+      if (!setRes) {
+        mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(setRes.Error());
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+      return ErrorOr<Void*>(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    // read it
+    UInt32 blockLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, blockNum);
+    if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, blockLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+      mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+      return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+    }
+
+    UInt32          offset     = 0;
+    EXT2_DIR_ENTRY* lastEntry  = nullptr;
+    UInt32          lastOffset = 0;
+
+    while (offset < blockSize) {
+      if (offset + 8 > blockSize) break;
+      auto e = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>((UInt8*) blockBuf + offset);
+      if (e->fRecordLength == 0) break;
+      lastEntry  = e;
+      lastOffset = offset;
+      offset += e->fRecordLength;
+    }
+
+    if (!lastEntry) continue;
+
+    UInt16 lastIdeal = ext2_dir_entry_ideal_len(lastEntry->fNameLength);
+
+    if (lastEntry->fRecordLength >= (UInt16) (lastIdeal + newRecIdeal)) {
+      UInt16 origRec           = lastEntry->fRecordLength;
+      lastEntry->fRecordLength = lastIdeal;
+
+      UInt32 newOffset        = lastOffset + lastIdeal;
+      auto   newEntry         = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>((UInt8*) blockBuf + newOffset);
+      newEntry->fInode        = inodeNumber;
+      newEntry->fNameLength   = static_cast<UInt8>(nameLen);
+      newEntry->fFileType     = fileType;
+      newEntry->fRecordLength = static_cast<UInt16>(origRec - lastIdeal);
+      rt_copy_memory_safe(const_cast<char*>(name), newEntry->fName, nameLen,
+                          newEntry->fRecordLength);
+
+      if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, blockLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+        return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+      }
+
+      mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+      return ErrorOr<Void*>(nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // No space in direct blocks -> allocate new block
+  int targetIndex = -1;
+  for (UInt32 i = 0; i < EXT2_DIRECT_BLOCKS; ++i) {
+    if (parentDirNode->inode.fBlock[i] == 0) {
+      targetIndex = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (targetIndex == -1) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorUnimplemented);
+  }
+
+  auto groupInfoResult = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(ctx, parentDirNode->inodeNumber);
+  if (!groupInfoResult) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(groupInfoResult.Error());
+  }
+
+  auto groupInfo   = *groupInfoResult.Leak();  // Dereference to get Ext2GroupInfo*
+  auto newBlockRes = ext2_alloc_block(ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+  if (!newBlockRes) {
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(newBlockRes.Error());
+  }
+
+  UInt32 newBlockNum = *newBlockRes.Leak();  // Dereference to get UInt32
+  UInt32 gdtLba      = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+  if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+  mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+  rt_zero_memory(blockBuf, blockSize);
+  auto entry           = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(blockBuf);
+  entry->fInode        = inodeNumber;
+  entry->fNameLength   = static_cast<UInt8>(nameLen);
+  entry->fFileType     = fileType;
+  entry->fRecordLength = static_cast<UInt16>(blockSize);
+  rt_copy_memory_safe(const_cast<char*>(name), entry->fName, nameLen, blockSize);
+
+  UInt32 newBlockLba = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, newBlockNum);
+  if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, newBlockLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  auto setRes = ext2_set_block_address(ctx, parentDirNode, targetIndex, newBlockNum);
+  if (!setRes) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(setRes.Error());
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+  return ErrorOr<Void*>(nullptr);
+}
+
+// Soon
+static ErrorOr<UInt32> ext2_alloc_inode(Ext2Context*   ctx,
+                                        EXT2_GROUP_DESCRIPTOR* groupDesc) {
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->superblock || !groupDesc) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  UInt32 blockSize = ctx->BlockSize();
+
+  // buffer for the inode bitmap
+  auto bitmap = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+  if (!bitmap) return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+
+  // Read inode bitmap
+  if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, groupDesc->fInodeBitmap, bitmap, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+    return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  // Find first free inode (bit = 0)
+  for (UInt32 byteIdx = 0; byteIdx < blockSize; ++byteIdx) {
+    auto byte = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(bitmap)[byteIdx];
+    if (byte != 0xFF) {
+      for (int bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+        if (!(byte & (1 << bit))) {
+          // Mark bit as used
+          reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(bitmap)[byteIdx] |= (1 << bit);
+
+          // Compute inode number
+          UInt32 inodeNumber = byteIdx * 8 + bit + 1;  // Inodes are 1-based
+
+          // Write bitmap back
+          if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, groupDesc->fInodeBitmap, bitmap, blockSize)) {
+            mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+            return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorDisk);
+          }
+
+          // Update group descriptor free count
+          groupDesc->fFreeInodesCount--;
+          mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+          return ErrorOr<UInt32>(inodeNumber);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(bitmap);
+  return ErrorOr<UInt32>(kErrorDiskIsFull);
+}
+
+// to write an inode to its correct location on disk
+static ErrorOr<Void*> ext2_write_inode(Ext2Context* ctx, Ext2Node* node) {
+  using namespace Kernel;
+
+  if (!ctx || !ctx->superblock || !ctx->drive || !node) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  auto   blockSize      = ctx->BlockSize();
+  UInt32 inodesPerGroup = ctx->superblock->fInodesPerGroup;
+
+  if (inodesPerGroup == 0) return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorInvalidData);
+
+  // Calculate which group this inode belongs to
+  UInt32 groupIndex = (node->inodeNumber - 1) / inodesPerGroup;
+  NE_UNUSED(groupIndex);
+  UInt32 inodeIndexInGroup = (node->inodeNumber - 1) % inodesPerGroup;
+
+  // Get group descriptor
+  auto groupInfoResult = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(ctx, node->inodeNumber);
+  if (!groupInfoResult) return ErrorOr<Void*>(groupInfoResult.Error());
+
+  auto groupInfo = *groupInfoResult.Leak();  // Dereference to get Ext2GroupInfo*
+
+  // Calculate inode table position
+  UInt32 inodeTableBlock = groupInfo->groupDesc->fInodeTable;
+  UInt32 inodeSize       = ctx->superblock->fInodeSize;
+  UInt32 inodesPerBlock  = blockSize / inodeSize;
+
+  UInt32 blockOffset   = inodeIndexInGroup / inodesPerBlock;
+  UInt32 offsetInBlock = (inodeIndexInGroup % inodesPerBlock) * inodeSize;
+
+  UInt32 inodeBlock = inodeTableBlock + blockOffset;
+  UInt32 inodeLba   = ext2_block_to_lba(ctx, inodeBlock);
+
+  // Read the block containing the inode
+  auto blockBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+  if (!blockBuf) {
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorHeapOutOfMemory);
+  }
+
+  if (!ext2_read_block(ctx->drive, inodeLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  // Copy the updated inode into the block buffer
+  rt_copy_memory_safe(&node->inode, static_cast<void*>((UInt8*) blockBuf + offsetInBlock),
+                      sizeof(EXT2_INODE), blockSize - offsetInBlock);
+
+  // Write the block back
+  if (!ext2_write_block(ctx->drive, inodeLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    return ErrorOr<Void*>(kErrorDisk);
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+  mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+  mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+  return ErrorOr<Void*>(nullptr);
+}
+
+namespace {
+// new
+struct PathComponents {
+  const char** components;
+  int          count;
+  Char*        buffer;
+
+  PathComponents(const char* path) : components(nullptr), count(0), buffer(nullptr) {
+    if (!path || *path == '\0') return;
+
+    SizeT pathLen = rt_string_len(path);
+    buffer        = (Char*) mm_alloc_ptr(pathLen + 1, true, false);
+    if (!buffer) return;
+
+    rt_copy_memory_safe((void*) path, buffer, pathLen, pathLen + 1);
+    buffer[pathLen] = '\0';
+
+    // temp array
+    const char** temp = (const char**) mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(char*) * (pathLen + 1), true, false);
+    if (!temp) {
+      mm_free_ptr(buffer);
+      buffer = nullptr;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    UInt32   compCount = 0;
+    Char* p         = buffer;
+
+    while (*p != '\0') {
+      // skip slashes
+      while (*p == '/') p++;
+      if (*p == '\0') break;
+
+      Char* start = p;
+      while (*p != '/' && *p != '\0') p++;
+      Char saved = *p;
+      *p         = '\0';
+
+      // handle ".", "..", or normal
+      if (rt_string_cmp(start, ".", 1) == 0) {
+        // ignore
+      } else if (rt_string_cmp(start, "..", 2) == 0) {
+        if (compCount > 0) compCount--;  // go up one level
+      } else {
+        temp[compCount++] = start;
+      }
+
+      *p = saved;
+    }
+
+    if (compCount == 0) {
+      mm_free_ptr(temp);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    components = (const char**) mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(char*) * compCount, true, false);
+    if (!components) {
+      mm_free_ptr(temp);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (UInt32 i = 0; i < compCount; i++) components[i] = temp[i];
+    count = compCount;
+
+    mm_free_ptr(temp);
+  }
+
+  ~PathComponents() {
+    if (components) mm_free_ptr(components);
+    if (buffer) mm_free_ptr(buffer);
+  }
+};
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
+// The Ext2FileSystemParser (not manager!)
+Ext2FileSystemParser::Ext2FileSystemParser(DriveTrait* drive) : ctx(drive) {}
+NodePtr Ext2FileSystemParser::Open(const char* path, const char* restrict_type) {
+  NE_UNUSED(restrict_type);
+  if (!path || *path == '\0' || !this->ctx.drive) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Root ("/")
+  if (rt_string_len(path) == 1 && rt_string_cmp(path, "/", 1) == 0) {
+    auto inodeResult = ext2_load_inode(&this->ctx, EXT2_ROOT_INODE);
+    if (!inodeResult) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    auto heapNode = (Ext2Node*) mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false);
+    if (!heapNode) return nullptr;
+
+    *heapNode        = *inodeResult.Leak().Leak();
+    heapNode->cursor = 0;
+    return reinterpret_cast<NodePtr>(heapNode);
+  }
+
+  PathComponents pathComponents(path);
+  if (pathComponents.count == 0) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  UInt32    currentInodeNumber = EXT2_ROOT_INODE;
+  Ext2Node* currentDirNode     = nullptr;
+
+  for (UInt32 i = 0; i < (UInt32)pathComponents.count; ++i) {
+    auto inodeResult = ext2_load_inode(&this->ctx, currentInodeNumber);
+    if (!inodeResult) {
+      if (currentDirNode) mm_free_ptr(currentDirNode);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (currentDirNode) {
+      mm_free_ptr(currentDirNode);
+      currentDirNode = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    currentDirNode = (Ext2Node*) mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false);
+    if (!currentDirNode) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    *currentDirNode        = *inodeResult.Leak().Leak();
+    currentDirNode->cursor = 0;
+
+    if (i < pathComponents.count - 1U) {
+      UInt32 type = (currentDirNode->inode.fMode >> 12) & 0xF;
+      if (type != kExt2FileTypeDirectory) {
+        mm_free_ptr(currentDirNode);
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto dirEntryResult =
+        ext2_find_dir_entry(&this->ctx, currentDirNode, pathComponents.components[i]);
+    if (!dirEntryResult) {
+      mm_free_ptr(currentDirNode);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    EXT2_DIR_ENTRY* entryPtr = *dirEntryResult.Leak();
+    currentInodeNumber       = entryPtr->fInode;
+    mm_free_ptr(entryPtr);
+  }
+
+  auto finalInodeResult = ext2_load_inode(&this->ctx, currentInodeNumber);
+  if (!finalInodeResult) {
+    if (currentDirNode) mm_free_ptr(currentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (currentDirNode) {
+    mm_free_ptr(currentDirNode);
+  }
+
+  auto resultNode = (Ext2Node*) mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false);
+  if (!resultNode) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  *resultNode        = *finalInodeResult.Leak().Leak();
+  resultNode->cursor = 0;
+  return reinterpret_cast<NodePtr>(resultNode);
+}
+
+void* Ext2FileSystemParser::Read(NodePtr node, Int32 flags, SizeT size) {
+  if (!node) return nullptr;
+
+  NE_UNUSED(flags);
+
+  auto extNode    = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(node);
+  auto dataResult = ext2_read_inode_data(&this->ctx, extNode, size);
+
+  if (!dataResult) {
+    return nullptr;  // error, nothing to return
+  }
+
+  void* data = *dataResult.Leak();
+  if (data) {
+    extNode->cursor += static_cast<UInt32>(size);
+  }
+
+  return data;
+}
+
+void Ext2FileSystemParser::Write(NodePtr node, void* data, Int32 flags, SizeT size) {
+  if (!node || !data || size == 0) return;
+
+  NE_UNUSED(flags);
+
+  auto  extNode      = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(node);
+  auto  blockSize    = this->ctx.BlockSize();
+  SizeT bytesWritten = 0;
+
+  UInt32 currentOffset = extNode->cursor;
+  UInt8* src           = reinterpret_cast<UInt8*>(data);
+
+  while (bytesWritten < size) {
+    UInt32 logicalBlockIndex = currentOffset / blockSize;
+    UInt32 offsetInBlock     = currentOffset % blockSize;
+
+    auto   physBlockResult = ext2_get_block_address(&this->ctx, extNode, logicalBlockIndex);
+    UInt32 physicalBlock   = 0;
+
+    if (!physBlockResult) {
+      auto err = physBlockResult.Error();
+      if (err == kErrorInvalidData || err == kErrorUnimplemented) {
+        auto groupInfoResult = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(&this->ctx, extNode->inodeNumber);
+        if (!groupInfoResult) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        auto groupInfo   = *groupInfoResult.Leak();
+        auto allocResult = ext2_alloc_block(&this->ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+        if (!allocResult) {
+          mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+          mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        physicalBlock = *allocResult.Leak();
+
+        auto setRes = ext2_set_block_address(&this->ctx, extNode, logicalBlockIndex, physicalBlock);
+        if (!setRes) {
+          mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+          mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        UInt32 gdtLba = ext2_block_to_lba(&this->ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+        if (!ext2_write_block(this->ctx.drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, blockSize)) {
+          mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+          mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+        mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+      } else {
+        return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      physicalBlock = physBlockResult.Value();
+    }
+
+    UInt32 physicalLba = ext2_block_to_lba(&this->ctx, physicalBlock);
+
+    auto blockBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(blockSize, true, false);
+    if (!blockBuf) return;
+
+    if (offsetInBlock > 0 || (size - bytesWritten) < blockSize) {
+      if (!ext2_read_block(this->ctx.drive, physicalLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+        mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+        return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      rt_zero_memory(blockBuf, blockSize);
+    }
+
+    UInt32 bytesInCurrentBlock =
+        static_cast<UInt32>(ext2_min(size - bytesWritten, blockSize - offsetInBlock));
+    rt_copy_memory_safe(src, static_cast<void*>((UInt8*) blockBuf + offsetInBlock),
+                        bytesInCurrentBlock, blockSize - offsetInBlock);
+
+    if (!ext2_write_block(this->ctx.drive, physicalLba, blockBuf, blockSize)) {
+      mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    mm_free_ptr(blockBuf);
+
+    currentOffset += bytesInCurrentBlock;
+    src += bytesInCurrentBlock;
+    bytesWritten += bytesInCurrentBlock;
+  }
+
+  if (currentOffset > extNode->inode.fSize) {
+    extNode->inode.fSize = currentOffset;
+  }
+
+  extNode->inode.fBlocks     = (extNode->inode.fSize + blockSize - 1) / blockSize;
+  extNode->inode.fModifyTime = 0;
+
+  auto writeInodeRes = ext2_write_inode(&this->ctx, extNode);
+  if (!writeInodeRes) {
+    // Failed to persist inode
+  }
+
+  extNode->cursor = currentOffset;
+}
+
+bool Ext2FileSystemParser::Seek(NodePtr node, SizeT offset) {
+  if (!node) return false;
+  auto extNode    = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(node);
+  extNode->cursor = static_cast<UInt32>(offset);
+  return true;
+}
+
+SizeT Ext2FileSystemParser::Tell(NodePtr node) {
+  if (!node) return 0;
+  auto extNode = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(node);
+  return extNode->cursor;
+}
+
+bool Ext2FileSystemParser::Rewind(NodePtr node) {
+  if (!node) return false;
+  auto extNode    = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(node);
+  extNode->cursor = 0;
+  return true;
+}
+
+void* Ext2FileSystemParser::Read(const char* name, NodePtr node, Int32 flags, SizeT size) {
+  NE_UNUSED(name);
+  return Read(node, flags, size);
+}
+
+void Ext2FileSystemParser::Write(const char* name, NodePtr node, void* data, Int32 flags,
+                                 SizeT size) {
+  NE_UNUSED(name);
+  Write(node, data, flags, size);
+}
+
+NodePtr Ext2FileSystemParser::Create(const char* path) {
+  if (!path || *path == '\0') return nullptr;
+
+  PathComponents pathComponents(path);
+  if (pathComponents.count == 0) return nullptr;
+
+  const char* filename = pathComponents.components[pathComponents.count - 1];
+  if (rt_string_len(filename) > kExt2FSMaxFileNameLen) return nullptr;
+
+  // Build parent path
+  Char  parentPathBuf[256] = {0};
+  SizeT currentPathLen     = 0;
+  for (UInt32 i = 0; (i < pathComponents.count - 1U); ++i) {
+    SizeT componentLen = rt_string_len(pathComponents.components[i]);
+    if (currentPathLen + componentLen + 1 >= sizeof(parentPathBuf)) return nullptr;
+    if (i > 0) parentPathBuf[currentPathLen++] = '/';
+    rt_copy_memory_safe(const_cast<char*>(pathComponents.components[i]),
+                        parentPathBuf + currentPathLen, componentLen,
+                        sizeof(parentPathBuf) - currentPathLen);
+    currentPathLen += componentLen;
+  }
+  parentPathBuf[currentPathLen] = '\0';
+
+  // Open parent directory
+  NodePtr parentDirNodePtr = nullptr;
+  if (currentPathLen == 0) {
+    // root
+    auto inodeRes = ext2_load_inode(&this->ctx, EXT2_ROOT_INODE);
+    if (!inodeRes) return nullptr;
+    parentDirNodePtr = mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false);
+    if (!parentDirNodePtr) return nullptr;
+    *reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(parentDirNodePtr)        = *inodeRes.Leak().Leak();
+    reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(parentDirNodePtr)->cursor = 0;
+  } else {
+    parentDirNodePtr = Open(parentPathBuf, "r");
+  }
+
+  if (!parentDirNodePtr) return nullptr;
+
+  auto parentDirNode = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(parentDirNodePtr);
+
+  // Ensure parent is a directory
+  UInt32 type = (parentDirNode->inode.fMode >> 12) & 0xF;
+  if (type != kExt2FileTypeDirectory) {
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Get group info for allocation
+  auto groupInfoResult = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(&this->ctx, parentDirNode->inodeNumber);
+  if (!groupInfoResult) {
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  auto groupInfo = *groupInfoResult.Leak();
+
+  // Allocate new inode
+  auto newInodeRes = ext2_alloc_inode(&this->ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+  if (!newInodeRes) {
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);  // so this works
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  UInt32 newInodeNumber = newInodeRes.Value();
+
+  UInt32 gdtLba = ext2_block_to_lba(&this->ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+  if (!ext2_write_block(this->ctx.drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, this->ctx.BlockSize())) {
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+  mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+  // Create new Ext2Node
+  Ext2Node* newFileNode = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false));
+  if (!newFileNode) {
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  newFileNode->inodeNumber = newInodeNumber;
+  rt_zero_memory(&newFileNode->inode, sizeof(EXT2_INODE));
+
+  newFileNode->inode.fMode       = (kExt2FileTypeRegular << 12);
+  newFileNode->inode.fUID        = 0;
+  newFileNode->inode.fGID        = 0;
+  newFileNode->inode.fLinksCount = 1;
+  newFileNode->inode.fSize       = 0;
+  newFileNode->inode.fBlocks     = 0;
+  newFileNode->inode.fCreateTime = 0;
+  newFileNode->inode.fModifyTime = 0;
+
+  // Persist new inode
+  auto writeInodeRes = ext2_write_inode(&this->ctx, newFileNode);
+  if (!writeInodeRes) {
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newFileNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Add directory entry
+  auto addRes =
+      ext2_add_dir_entry(&this->ctx, parentDirNode, filename, newInodeNumber, kExt2FileTypeRegular);
+  if (!addRes) {
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newFileNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Update parent inode
+  auto parentWriteRes = ext2_write_inode(&this->ctx, parentDirNode);
+  // ignore failure
+
+  NE_UNUSED(parentWriteRes);
+
+  mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+  return reinterpret_cast<NodePtr>(newFileNode);
+}
+
+NodePtr Ext2FileSystemParser::CreateDirectory(const char* path) {
+  if (!path || *path == '\0') return nullptr;
+
+  PathComponents pathComponents(path);
+  if (pathComponents.count == 0) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to parse path for CreateDirectory.\n";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  const char* dirname = pathComponents.components[pathComponents.count - 1];
+  if (rt_string_len(dirname) > kExt2FSMaxFileNameLen) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Directory name too long: " << dirname << ".\n";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Build parent path
+  Char  parentPathBuf[256];
+  SizeT currentPathLen = 0;
+  for (UInt32 i = 0; (i < pathComponents.count - 1U); ++i) {
+    SizeT componentLen = rt_string_len(pathComponents.components[i]);
+    if (currentPathLen + componentLen + 1 >= sizeof(parentPathBuf)) {
+      kout << "EXT2: Parent path too long for CreateDirectory.\n";
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (i > 0) parentPathBuf[currentPathLen++] = '/';
+
+    rt_copy_memory_safe(static_cast<void*>(const_cast<char*>(pathComponents.components[i])),
+                        static_cast<void*>(parentPathBuf + currentPathLen), componentLen,
+                        sizeof(parentPathBuf) - currentPathLen);
+    currentPathLen += componentLen;
+  }
+
+  parentPathBuf[currentPathLen] = '\0';
+
+  // Open parent directory node
+  NodePtr parentDirNodePtr = nullptr;
+  if (currentPathLen == 0) {
+    auto inodeRes = ext2_load_inode(&this->ctx, EXT2_ROOT_INODE);
+    if (!inodeRes) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    parentDirNodePtr = reinterpret_cast<NodePtr>(mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false));
+    if (!parentDirNodePtr) return nullptr;
+
+    *reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(parentDirNodePtr)        = *inodeRes.Leak().Leak();
+    reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(parentDirNodePtr)->cursor = 0;
+  } else {
+    parentDirNodePtr = Open(parentPathBuf, "r");
+  }
+
+  if (!parentDirNodePtr) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to open parent directory for CreateDirectory: " << parentPathBuf << ".\n";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto parentDirNode = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(parentDirNodePtr);
+
+  // Check parent is a directory
+  UInt32 parentType = (parentDirNode->inode.fMode >> 12) & 0xF;
+  if (parentType != kExt2FileTypeDirectory) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Parent is not a directory: " << parentPathBuf << ".\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Allocate inode
+  auto groupInfoResult = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(&this->ctx, parentDirNode->inodeNumber);
+  if (!groupInfoResult) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to get group descriptor info for new dir inode.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto groupInfo   = *groupInfoResult.Leak();
+  auto newInodeRes = ext2_alloc_inode(&this->ctx, groupInfo->groupDesc);
+  if (!newInodeRes) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to allocate inode for new directory.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  UInt32 newInodeNumber = *newInodeRes.Leak();
+
+  // Write back group descriptor block
+  UInt32 gdtLba = ext2_block_to_lba(&this->ctx, groupInfo->groupDescriptorBlock);
+  if (!ext2_write_block(this->ctx.drive, gdtLba, groupInfo->blockBuffer, this->ctx.BlockSize())) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to write group descriptor after inode allocation.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupInfo->blockBuffer));
+  mm_free_ptr(groupInfo);
+
+  // Create new Ext2Node and initialize inode fields
+  Ext2Node* newDirNode = reinterpret_cast<Ext2Node*>(mm_alloc_ptr(sizeof(Ext2Node), true, false));
+  if (!newDirNode) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Out of memory for new directory node.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  newDirNode->inodeNumber = newInodeNumber;
+  rt_zero_memory(&newDirNode->inode, sizeof(EXT2_INODE));
+  newDirNode->inode.fMode       = (kExt2FileTypeDirectory << 12);
+  newDirNode->inode.fUID        = 0;
+  newDirNode->inode.fGID        = 0;
+  newDirNode->inode.fLinksCount = 2;  // . and ..
+  newDirNode->inode.fSize       = this->ctx.BlockSize();
+  newDirNode->inode.fBlocks     = 1;
+  newDirNode->inode.fCreateTime = 0;
+  newDirNode->inode.fModifyTime = 0;
+
+  // Allocate a data block for the new directory
+  auto groupForBlockRes = ext2_get_group_descriptor_info(&this->ctx, newDirNode->inodeNumber);
+  if (!groupForBlockRes) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to get group info for directory block allocation.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto groupForBlock = *groupForBlockRes.Leak();
+  auto newBlockRes   = ext2_alloc_block(&this->ctx, groupForBlock->groupDesc);
+  if (!newBlockRes) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to allocate block for new directory contents.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupForBlock->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupForBlock);
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  UInt32 newDirBlockNum = *newBlockRes.Leak();
+
+  // Write back GDT
+  UInt32 gdtLba2 = ext2_block_to_lba(&this->ctx, groupForBlock->groupDescriptorBlock);
+  if (!ext2_write_block(this->ctx.drive, gdtLba2, groupForBlock->blockBuffer,
+                        this->ctx.BlockSize())) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to write GDT after directory block allocation.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupForBlock->blockBuffer));
+    mm_free_ptr(groupForBlock);
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(reinterpret_cast<void*>(groupForBlock->blockBuffer));
+  mm_free_ptr(groupForBlock);
+
+  // Set the block in newDirNode
+  auto setBlkRes = ext2_set_block_address(&this->ctx, newDirNode, 0, newDirBlockNum);
+  if (!setBlkRes) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to set data block for new directory.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Prepare block with '.' and '..'
+  auto dirBlockBuf = mm_alloc_ptr(this->ctx.BlockSize(), true, false);
+  if (!dirBlockBuf) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Out of memory preparing directory block.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  rt_zero_memory(dirBlockBuf, this->ctx.BlockSize());
+
+  // '.' entry
+  auto dot           = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>(dirBlockBuf);
+  dot->fInode        = newInodeNumber;
+  dot->fNameLength   = 1;
+  dot->fFileType     = kExt2FileTypeDirectory;
+  dot->fRecordLength = ext2_dir_entry_ideal_len(dot->fNameLength);
+  dot->fName[0]      = '.';
+
+  // '..' entry occupies rest of block
+  auto dotdot    = reinterpret_cast<EXT2_DIR_ENTRY*>((UInt8*) dirBlockBuf + dot->fRecordLength);
+  dotdot->fInode = parentDirNode->inodeNumber;
+  dotdot->fNameLength   = 2;
+  dotdot->fFileType     = kExt2FileTypeDirectory;
+  dotdot->fRecordLength = static_cast<UInt16>(this->ctx.BlockSize() - dot->fRecordLength);
+  dotdot->fName[0]      = '.';
+  dotdot->fName[1]      = '.';
+
+  // Write dir block to disk
+  UInt32 newDirBlockLba = ext2_block_to_lba(&this->ctx, newDirBlockNum);
+  if (!ext2_write_block(this->ctx.drive, newDirBlockLba, dirBlockBuf, this->ctx.BlockSize())) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to write directory block to disk.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(dirBlockBuf);
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(dirBlockBuf);
+
+  // Persist new directory inode
+  auto writeInodeRes = ext2_write_inode(&this->ctx, newDirNode);
+  if (!writeInodeRes) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to write new directory inode to disk.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Add directory entry into parent
+  auto addRes = ext2_add_dir_entry(&this->ctx, parentDirNode, dirname, newInodeNumber,
+                                   kExt2FileTypeDirectory);
+  if (!addRes) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Failed to add directory entry for '" << dirname << "' to parent.\n";
+    mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+    mm_free_ptr(newDirNode);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Increment parent link count and persist parent inode
+  parentDirNode->inode.fLinksCount += 1;
+  auto parentWriteRes = ext2_write_inode(&this->ctx, parentDirNode);
+  if (!parentWriteRes) {
+    kout << "EXT2: Warning: failed to update parent inode after directory creation.\n";
+  }
+
+  mm_free_ptr(parentDirNode);
+  return reinterpret_cast<NodePtr>(newDirNode);
+}
+
+#endif
+#endif
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileSystemParser.cc b/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileSystemParser.cc
index 80449ed9..318f83d6 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileSystemParser.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/FS/Ext2+FileSystemParser.cc
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 #ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_EXT2__
 
-#include <FSKit/Ext2.h>
+#include <FSKit/Ext2+IFS.h>
 #include <FirmwareKit/EPM.h>
 #include <KernelKit/KPC.h>
 #include <KernelKit/ProcessScheduler.h>
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc b/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
index 174862a4..07c4a572 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ ProcessID UserProcessScheduler::Spawn(const Char* name, VoidPtr code, VoidPtr im
   }
 
   (Void)(kout << "ProcessID: " << number(process.ProcessId) << kendl);
-  (Void)(kout << "Name: " << process.Name << kendl);
+  (Void)(kout << "ProcesName: " << process.Name << kendl);
 
   return pid;
 }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/src/UtfUtils.cc b/dev/kernel/src/UtfUtils.cc
index 907632ad..e98b8306 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/src/UtfUtils.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/src/UtfUtils.cc
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Int32 urt_string_cmp(const Utf8Char* src, const Utf8Char* cmp, Size size) {
   return counter;
 }
 
-Int urt_copy_memory(const VoidPtr src, VoidPtr dst, Size len) {
+Int32 urt_copy_memory(const VoidPtr src, VoidPtr dst, Size len) {
   Utf8Char* srcChr  = reinterpret_cast<Utf8Char*>(src);
   Utf8Char* dstChar = reinterpret_cast<Utf8Char*>(dst);
 
diff --git a/dev/launch/.keep b/dev/launch/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/.keep
diff --git a/dev/launch/LaunchKit/.keep b/dev/launch/LaunchKit/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/LaunchKit/.keep
diff --git a/dev/launch/LaunchKit/LaunchKit.h b/dev/launch/LaunchKit/LaunchKit.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2fa9607b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/LaunchKit/LaunchKit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+   Copyright (C) 2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
+
+   ------------------------------------------- */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <libSystem/SystemKit/System.h>
+
+/// @author Amlal El Mahrouss
+/// @brief NeKernel Launch Kit.
+
+#define NELAUNCH_INFO(MSG) PrintOut(nullptr, "INFO: [LAUNCH] %s\n", MSG)
+#define NELAUNCH_WARN(MSG) PrintOut(nullptr, "WARN: [LAUNCH] %s\n", MSG)
+
+namespace Launch {
+using LaunchHandle = VoidPtr;
+using KernelStatus = SInt32;
+}  // namespace Launch
diff --git a/dev/launch/ne_launch.json b/dev/launch/ne_launch.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3d26a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/ne_launch.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "compiler_path": "x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++",
+  "compiler_std": "c++20",
+  "headers_path": ["../", "./"],
+  "sources_path": ["src/*.cc", "src/*.S"],
+  "output_name": "ne_launch",
+  "compiler_flags": [
+    "-ffreestanding",
+    "-shared",
+    "-fPIC",
+    "-fno-rtti",
+    "-fno-exceptions",
+    "-Wl,--subsystem=17"
+  ],
+  "cpp_macros": [
+      "kNeLaunchVersion=0x0100",
+      "kNeLaunchVersionHighest=0x0100",
+      "kNeLaunchVersionLowest=0x0100"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/dev/launch/obj/.keep b/dev/launch/obj/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/obj/.keep
diff --git a/dev/launch/src/.keep b/dev/launch/src/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/src/.keep
diff --git a/dev/launch/src/CRT0.S b/dev/launch/src/CRT0.S
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84a293e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/src/CRT0.S
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+   Copyright (C) 2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
+
+   ------------------------------------------- */
+
+ .text
+
+.extern nelaunch_startup_fn
+.globl _NeMain
+
+_NeMain:
+  push %rbp
+  movq %rsp, %rbp
+  callq nelaunch_startup_fn
+  popq %rbp
+
+  retq
diff --git a/dev/launch/src/LaunchSrv.cc b/dev/launch/src/LaunchSrv.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5c9ee3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/launch/src/LaunchSrv.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+   Copyright (C) 2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
+
+   ------------------------------------------- */
+
+#include <LaunchKit/LaunchKit.h>
+#include <libSystem/SystemKit/Err.h>
+
+/// @note This called by _NeMain from its own runtime.
+extern "C" SInt32 nelaunch_startup_fn(Void) {
+  /// @todo Start LaunchServices.fwrk services, make the launcher manageable too (via mgmt.launch)
+
+  NELAUNCH_INFO("Starting NeKernel services...");
+
+  return kErrorSuccess;
+}
diff --git a/dev/libDDK/DriverKit/ddk.h b/dev/libDDK/DriverKit/ddk.h
index 254137f9..2e2dddf0 100644
--- a/dev/libDDK/DriverKit/ddk.h
+++ b/dev/libDDK/DriverKit/ddk.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-  Copyright Amlal El Mahrouss.
+  Copyright Amlal El Mahrouss 2025, all rights reserved.
 
   FILE: ddk.h
   PURPOSE: DDK Driver model base header.
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ struct DDK_STATUS_STRUCT DDK_FINAL {
   struct DDK_OBJECT_MANIFEST* s_object;
 };
 
+typedef void* ptr_t;
+
 /// @brief Call Kernel procedure.
 /// @param name the procedure name.
 /// @param cnt number of elements in **dat**
diff --git a/dev/libDDK/DriverKit/dki/contract.h b/dev/libDDK/DriverKit/dki/contract.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23884e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/libDDK/DriverKit/dki/contract.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+   Copyright Amlal El Mahrouss 2025, all rights reserved.
+
+   FILE: ddk.h
+   PURPOSE: Driver Kernel Interface Model base header.
+
+   ------------------------------------------- */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <CompilerKit/CompilerKit.h>
+#include <DriverKit/macros.h>
+
+#define DKI_CONTRACT_IMPL : public ::Kernel::DKIContract
+
+/// @author Amlal El Mahrouss
+
+namespace Kernel::DKI {
+class DKIContract {
+ public:
+  explicit DKIContract() = default;
+  virtual ~DKIContract() = default;
+
+  NE_COPY_DEFAULT(DKIContract);
+
+  virtual BOOL    IsCastable() { return false; }
+  virtual BOOL    IsActive() { return false; }
+  virtual VoidPtr Leak() { return nullptr; }
+  virtual Int32   Type() { return 0; }
+};
+}  // namespace Kernel::DKI
diff --git a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_dev.c b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_dev.c
index 32ec2442..d20684aa 100644
--- a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_dev.c
+++ b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_dev.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 /// @brief Open a new binary device from path.
 DDK_EXTERN DDK_DEVICE_PTR open(const char* devicePath) {
-  if (!devicePath) return nil;
+  if (nil == devicePath) return nil;
 
   return ke_call_dispatch("dk_open_dev", 1, (void*) devicePath, kstrlen(devicePath));
 }
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ DDK_EXTERN DDK_DEVICE_PTR open(const char* devicePath) {
 /// @brief Close any device.
 /// @param device valid device.
 DDK_EXTERN BOOL close(DDK_DEVICE_PTR device) {
-  if (!device) return NO;
+  if (nil == device) return NO;
 
   ke_call_dispatch("dk_close_dev", 1, device, sizeof(DDK_DEVICE));
   return YES;
diff --git a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_io.c b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_io.c
index c6cdd457..825e82a7 100644
--- a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_io.c
+++ b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_io.c
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 /* -------------------------------------------
 
-  Copyright Amlal El Mahrouss.
+  libDDK.
+  Copyright 2025 - Amlal El Mahrouss and NeKernel contributors.
 
+  File: ddk_io.c
   Purpose: DDK Text I/O.
 
 ------------------------------------------- */
@@ -9,6 +11,8 @@
 #include <DriverKit/io.h>
 
 DDK_EXTERN void kputc(const char ch) {
+  if (!ch) return;
+
   char assembled[2] = {0};
   assembled[0]      = ch;
   assembled[1]      = 0;
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ DDK_EXTERN void kputc(const char ch) {
 /// @brief print string to UART.
 /// @param message UART to transmit.
 DDK_EXTERN void kprint(const char* message) {
-  if (!message) return;
+  if (nil == message) return;
   if (*message == 0) return;
 
   size_t index = 0;
diff --git a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call.c b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call.c
index 1ac0a0aa..5976665b 100644
--- a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call.c
+++ b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call.c
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
 /// @brief this is an internal call, do not use it.
-DDK_EXTERN ATTRIBUTE(naked) void* __ke_call_dispatch(const int32_t name, int32_t cnt, void* data,
-                                                     size_t sz);
+DDK_EXTERN ATTRIBUTE(naked) ptr_t
+    __ke_call_dispatch(const int32_t name, int32_t cnt, void* data, size_t sz);
 /// @brief This function hashes the path into a FNV symbol.
 /// @param path the path to hash.
 /// @retval 0 symbol wasn't hashed.
diff --git a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call_dispatch.S b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call_dispatch.S
index 7b7a26cb..a607fe40 100644
--- a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call_dispatch.S
+++ b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_kernel_call_dispatch.S
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ __ke_call_dispatch:
     push rbp
     mov rbp, rsp
 
+  /* registers have already been pushed. */
+
     int kKernelCallTrapId
 
     pop rbp
-
     ret
 
 #elif defined(__DDK_POWER64__)
diff --git a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_str.c b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_str.c
index 514cddc7..1e2fde19 100644
--- a/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_str.c
+++ b/dev/libDDK/src/ddk_str.c
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ DDK_EXTERN size_t kstrlen(const char* in) {
 }
 
 DDK_EXTERN int kstrncpy(char* dst, const char* src, size_t len) {
+  if (nil == dst || nil == src) return 0;
+
   size_t index = 0;
 
   while (index != len) {
diff --git a/dev/libSystem/SystemKit/Syscall.h b/dev/libSystem/SystemKit/Syscall.h
index a1505b46..35bfc6f8 100644
--- a/dev/libSystem/SystemKit/Syscall.h
+++ b/dev/libSystem/SystemKit/Syscall.h
@@ -14,22 +14,8 @@ IMPORT_C VoidPtr libsys_syscall_arg_2(SizeT id, VoidPtr arg1);
 IMPORT_C VoidPtr libsys_syscall_arg_3(SizeT id, VoidPtr arg1, VoidPtr arg3);
 IMPORT_C VoidPtr libsys_syscall_arg_4(SizeT id, VoidPtr arg1, VoidPtr arg3, VoidPtr arg4);
 
-inline UInt64 libsys_hash_64(const Char* path) {
-  if (!path || *path == 0) return 0;
-
-  const UInt64 FNV_OFFSET_BASIS = 0xcbf29ce484222325ULL;
-  const UInt64 FNV_PRIME        = 0x100000001b3ULL;
-
-  UInt64 hash = FNV_OFFSET_BASIS;
-
-  while (*path) {
-    hash ^= (Char) (*path++);
-    hash *= FNV_PRIME;
-  }
-
-  return hash;
-}
+IMPORT_C UInt64 libsys_hash_64(const Char* path);
 
 #ifndef SYSCALL_HASH
 #define SYSCALL_HASH(str) libsys_hash_64(str)
-#endif  // !SYSCALL_HASH
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif  // !SYSCALL_HASH
diff --git a/dev/libSystem/SystemKit/Verify.h b/dev/libSystem/SystemKit/Verify.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbf85830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/libSystem/SystemKit/Verify.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+   Copyright (C) 2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
+
+   File: Verify.h
+   Purpose: System Call Interface Verification Layer.
+
+   ------------------------------------------- */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <libSystem/SystemKit/System.h>
+
+namespace LibSystem::Detail {
+/// @author 0xf00sec, and Amlal El Mahrouss
+/// @brief safe cast operator.
+template <typename T, typename R = VoidPtr>
+inline R sys_safe_cast(const T* ptr) {
+  _rtl_assert(ptr, "safe cast failed!");
+  return static_cast<R>(const_cast<T*>(ptr));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+struct must_cast_traits {
+  constexpr static BOOL value = false;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct must_cast_traits<T, T> {
+  constexpr static BOOL value = true;
+};
+
+/// @author Amlal El Mahrouss
+/// @brief Safe constexpr cast.
+template <typename T, typename R>
+inline constexpr R* sys_constexpr_cast(T* ptr) {
+  static_assert(must_cast_traits<T, R>::value, "constexpr cast failed! types are a mismatch!");
+  return static_cast<R*>(ptr);
+}
+}  // namespace LibSystem::Detail
diff --git a/dev/libSystem/src/System.cc b/dev/libSystem/src/System.cc
index 3870ff18..da9931fe 100644
--- a/dev/libSystem/src/System.cc
+++ b/dev/libSystem/src/System.cc
@@ -7,14 +7,9 @@
 #include <libSystem/SystemKit/Err.h>

 #include <libSystem/SystemKit/Syscall.h>

 #include <libSystem/SystemKit/System.h>

+#include <libSystem/SystemKit/Verify.h>

 

-namespace Detail {

-template <typename T>

-static VoidPtr safe_void_cast(const T* ptr) {

-  _rtl_assert(ptr, "safe void cast failed!");

-  return static_cast<VoidPtr>(const_cast<T*>(ptr));

-}

-}  // namespace Detail

+using namespace LibSystem;

 

 IMPORT_C Void _rtl_assert(Bool expr, const Char* origin) {

   if (!expr) {

@@ -23,6 +18,29 @@ IMPORT_C Void _rtl_assert(Bool expr, const Char* origin) {
   }

 }

 

+/// @note this uses the FNV 64-bit variant.

+IMPORT_C UInt64 libsys_hash_64(const Char* path) {

+  if (!path || *path == 0) return 0;

+

+  const UInt64 kFNVSeed  = 0xcbf29ce484222325ULL;

+  const UInt64 kFNVPrime = 0x100000001b3ULL;

+

+  UInt64 hash = kFNVSeed;

+

+  while (*path) {

+    hash ^= (Char) (*path++);

+    hash *= kFNVPrime;

+  }

+

+  return hash;

+}

+

+IMPORT_C Char* StrFmt(const Char* fmt, ...) {

+  if (!fmt || *fmt == 0) return const_cast<Char*>("(null)");

+

+  return const_cast<Char*>("");

+}

+

 // memmove-style copy

 IMPORT_C VoidPtr MmCopyMemory(_Input VoidPtr dest, _Input VoidPtr src, _Input SizeT len) {

   // handles overlap, prefers 64-bit word copies when aligned

@@ -41,8 +59,9 @@ IMPORT_C VoidPtr MmCopyMemory(_Input VoidPtr dest, _Input VoidPtr src, _Input Si
     // try 64-bit aligned backward copy

     if (len >= sizeof(UInt64) && (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(rs) % sizeof(UInt64) == 0) &&

         (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(rd) % sizeof(UInt64) == 0)) {

-      auto  rsw   = reinterpret_cast<const UInt64*>(rs);

-      auto  rdw   = reinterpret_cast<UInt64*>(rd);

+      auto rsw = reinterpret_cast<const UInt64*>(rs);

+      auto rdw = reinterpret_cast<UInt64*>(rd);

+

       SizeT words = len / sizeof(UInt64);

 

       for (SizeT i = 0; i < words; ++i) {

@@ -88,9 +107,11 @@ IMPORT_C VoidPtr MmCopyMemory(_Input VoidPtr dest, _Input VoidPtr src, _Input Si
 

 IMPORT_C SInt64 MmStrLen(const Char* in) {

   // strlen via pointer walk

-  if (!in) return 0;

+  if (!in) return -kErrorInvalidData;

+

   const Char* p = in;

   while (*p) ++p;

+

   return static_cast<SInt64>(p - in);

 }

 

@@ -125,9 +146,8 @@ IMPORT_C VoidPtr MmFillMemory(_Input VoidPtr dest, _Input SizeT len, _Input UInt
 }

 

 IMPORT_C Ref IoOpenFile(_Input const Char* path, _Input const Char* drv_letter) {

-  return static_cast<Ref>(libsys_syscall_arg_3(SYSCALL_HASH("IoOpenFile"),

-                                               Detail::safe_void_cast(path),

-                                               Detail::safe_void_cast(drv_letter)));

+  return static_cast<Ref>(libsys_syscall_arg_3(

+      SYSCALL_HASH("IoOpenFile"), Detail::sys_safe_cast(path), Detail::sys_safe_cast(drv_letter)));

 }

 

 IMPORT_C Void IoCloseFile(_Input Ref desc) {

@@ -163,7 +183,7 @@ IMPORT_C SInt32 PrintOut(_Input IORef desc, const Char* fmt, ...) {
 

   // if truncated, `needed` >= kBufferSz; we still send truncated buffer

   auto ret_ptr = libsys_syscall_arg_3(SYSCALL_HASH("PrintOut"), static_cast<VoidPtr>(desc),

-                                      Detail::safe_void_cast(buf));

+                                      Detail::sys_safe_cast(buf));

 

   if (!ret_ptr) return -kErrorInvalidData;

 

diff --git a/dev/misc/BenchKit/HWChronometer.h b/dev/misc/BenchKit/HWChronometer.h
index e232db7e..56e4f2af 100644
--- a/dev/misc/BenchKit/HWChronometer.h
+++ b/dev/misc/BenchKit/HWChronometer.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ struct HWChronoTraits;
 template <typename ChronoTraits = HWChronoTraits>
 class HWChrono;
 
-/// @brief BenchKit chrono logic for x64.
+/// @brief BenchKit chrono logic for x64/ARM64.
 struct HWChronoTraits final {
  private:
   STATIC UInt64 TickImpl_(void) {