feat: test: Add `kout` test and rename DeviceInterface to IDevice in KernelKit.

introduce UserPtr and unburden vettable by removing the IVettable helper.

Signed-off-by: Amlal El Mahrouss <amlal@nekernel.org>

33 files changed, 151 insertions, 137 deletions

diff --git a/src/kernel/ArchKit/ArchKit.h b/src/kernel/ArchKit/ArchKit.h
index 9d35c445..375c5b44 100644
--- a/src/kernel/ArchKit/ArchKit.h
+++ b/src/kernel/ArchKit/ArchKit.h
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ namespace HAL {
 }  // namespace HAL
 }  // namespace Kernel
 
-typedef Kernel::Void (*rt_syscall_proc)(Kernel::VoidPtr);
+using rt_syscall_proc = Kernel::Void (*)(Kernel::VoidPtr);
 
 /// @brief System Call Dispatch.
 struct HAL_DISPATCH_ENTRY final {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ struct HAL_DISPATCH_ENTRY final {
   operator bool() { return fHooked; }
 };
 
-typedef Kernel::Void (*rt_kerncall_proc)(Kernel::SizeT, Kernel::VoidPtr, Kernel::SizeT);
+using rt_kerncall_proc = Kernel::Void (*)(Kernel::SizeT, Kernel::VoidPtr, Kernel::SizeT);
 
 /// @brief Kernel Call Dispatch.
 struct HAL_KERNEL_DISPATCH_ENTRY final {
diff --git a/src/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h b/src/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h
index c8a2dc4b..a55a3a5a 100644
--- a/src/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h
+++ b/src/kernel/GfxKit/FB.h
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ struct PACKED FBDevicePacket final {
 
 /// @brief Framebuffer device interface.
 /// @details This class is used to send and receive data from the framebuffer device.
-/// @note The class is derived from the DeviceInterface class.
+/// @note The class is derived from the IDevice class.
 class FBDeviceInterface NE_DEVICE<FBDevicePacket*> {
  public:
-  explicit FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* out),
-                             void (*in)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* in));
+  explicit FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDevice* self, FBDevicePacket* out),
+                             void (*in)(IDevice* self, FBDevicePacket* in));
 
   virtual ~FBDeviceInterface() override;
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc b/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
index f35e7a57..71e20ce6 100644
--- a/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDebugOutput.cc
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ TerminalDevice::~TerminalDevice() = default;
 STATIC SizeT kX = kFontSizeX, kY = kFontSizeY;
 #endif  // __DEBUG__
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_utf_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>* obj, const Utf8Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_utf_io_write(IDevice<const Utf8Char*>* obj, const Utf8Char* bytes) {
   NE_UNUSED(bytes);
   NE_UNUSED(obj);
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ EXTERN_C void ke_utf_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>* obj, const Utf8C
 #endif  // __DEBUG__
 }
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* obj, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(IDevice<const Char*>* obj, const Char* bytes) {
   NE_UNUSED(bytes);
   NE_UNUSED(obj);
 
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* obj, const Char* bytes)
 #endif  // __DEBUG__
 }
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(DeviceInterface<const Char*>*, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(IDevice<const Char*>*, const Char* bytes) {
   NE_UNUSED(bytes);
 
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ Utf8TerminalDevice::~Utf8TerminalDevice() = default;
 
 Utf8TerminalDevice Utf8TerminalDevice::The() {
   Utf8TerminalDevice out(Kernel::ke_utf_io_write,
-                         [](DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>*, const Utf8Char*) -> Void {});
+                         [](IDevice<const Utf8Char*>*, const Utf8Char*) -> Void {});
   return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc b/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
index d97884ff..561b03cb 100644
--- a/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Read AHCI device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_read_ahci(DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_read_ahci(IDevice<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
     AHCIDeviceInterface* dev = (AHCIDeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Write AHCI device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_write_ahci(DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_write_ahci(IDevice<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
     AHCIDeviceInterface* dev = (AHCIDeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
diff --git a/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc b/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
index 81a79c6f..a62884f9 100644
--- a/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Read PIO device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_read_pio(DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_read_pio(IDevice<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
     ATADeviceInterface* dev = (ATADeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ namespace Detail {
   /// @brief Write PIO device.
   /// @param self device
   /// @param mnt mounted disk.
-  STATIC Void sk_io_write_pio(DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
+  STATIC Void sk_io_write_pio(IDevice<IMountpoint*>* self, IMountpoint* mnt) {
     ATADeviceInterface* dev = (ATADeviceInterface*) self;
 
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
diff --git a/src/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc b/src/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc
index 22a41dbf..2a49bb56 100644
--- a/src/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalDebugOutput.cc
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include <NeKit/Utils.h>
 
 namespace Kernel {
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(IDevice<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
   if (*bytes == 0) return;
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ EXTERN_C void ke_io_write(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes)
 
 TerminalDevice::~TerminalDevice() = default;
 
-EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(DeviceInterface<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
+EXTERN_C void ke_io_read(IDevice<const Char*>* self, const Char* bytes) {
 #ifdef __DEBUG__
   SizeT index = 0;
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h b/src/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h
index 301a3a9e..0818a712 100644
--- a/src/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h
+++ b/src/kernel/KernelKit/DebugOutput.h
@@ -25,9 +25,8 @@ inline TerminalDevice hex_number(const Long& x);
 // @brief Emulates a VT100 terminal.
 class TerminalDevice final NE_DEVICE<const Char*> {
  public:
-  TerminalDevice(void (*print)(DeviceInterface*, const Char*),
-                 void (*gets)(DeviceInterface*, const Char*))
-      : DeviceInterface<const Char*>(print, gets) {}
+  TerminalDevice(void (*print)(IDevice*, const Char*), void (*gets)(IDevice*, const Char*))
+      : IDevice<const Char*>(print, gets) {}
 
   ~TerminalDevice() override;
 
@@ -42,9 +41,9 @@ class TerminalDevice final NE_DEVICE<const Char*> {
 
 class Utf8TerminalDevice final NE_DEVICE<const Utf8Char*> {
  public:
-  Utf8TerminalDevice(void (*print)(DeviceInterface*, const Utf8Char*),
-                     void (*gets)(DeviceInterface*, const Utf8Char*))
-      : DeviceInterface<const Utf8Char*>(print, gets) {}
+  Utf8TerminalDevice(void (*print)(IDevice*, const Utf8Char*),
+                     void (*gets)(IDevice*, const Utf8Char*))
+      : IDevice<const Utf8Char*>(print, gets) {}
 
   ~Utf8TerminalDevice() override;
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h b/src/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h
index 1dbad161..56208140 100644
--- a/src/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h
+++ b/src/kernel/KernelKit/DeviceMgr.h
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
 
 #define kDeviceMgrRootDirPath "/devices/"
 
-#define NE_DEVICE : public ::Kernel::DeviceInterface
+#define NE_DEVICE : public ::Kernel::IDevice
 
 // Last Rev: Wed, May  27, 2025  6:22 PM
 
 namespace Kernel {
 template <typename T>
-class DeviceInterface;
+class IDevice;
 
 template <typename T>
 class IOBuf;
@@ -39,26 +39,30 @@ class IOBuf;
 /// @brief Device contract interface, represents an HW device.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 template <typename T>
-class DeviceInterface {
+class IDevice {
  public:
-  DeviceInterface() = default;
+  IDevice() = default;
 
-  explicit DeviceInterface(void (*Out)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T), void (*In)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T))
-      : fOut(Out), fIn(In) {}
+  explicit IDevice(void (*Out)(IDevice<T>*, T), void (*In)(IDevice<T>*, T)) : fOut(Out), fIn(In) {}
 
-  virtual ~DeviceInterface() = default;
+  virtual ~IDevice() = default;
 
  public:
-  DeviceInterface& operator=(const DeviceInterface<T>&) = default;
-  DeviceInterface(const DeviceInterface<T>&)            = default;
+  using Type      = T;
+  using TypeRef   = T&;
+  using ConstType = const T&;
+  using TypePtr   = T*;
+
+  IDevice& operator=(const IDevice<T>&) = default;
+  IDevice(const IDevice<T>&)            = default;
 
  public:
-  virtual DeviceInterface<T>& operator<<(T Data) {
+  virtual IDevice<T>& operator<<(T Data) {
     fOut(this, Data);
     return *this;
   }
 
-  virtual DeviceInterface<T>& operator>>(T Data) {
+  virtual IDevice<T>& operator>>(T Data) {
     fIn(this, Data);
     return *this;
   }
@@ -70,8 +74,8 @@ class DeviceInterface {
   Bool operator!() { return !fOut || !fIn; }
 
  protected:
-  Void (*fOut)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T Data) = {nullptr};
-  Void (*fIn)(DeviceInterface<T>*, T Data)  = {nullptr};
+  Void (*fOut)(IDevice<T>*, T Data) = {nullptr};
+  Void (*fIn)(IDevice<T>*, T Data)  = {nullptr};
 };
 
 ///
diff --git a/src/kernel/KernelKit/PE32CodeMgr.h b/src/kernel/KernelKit/PE32CodeMgr.h
index 03a68363..c62cd518 100644
--- a/src/kernel/KernelKit/PE32CodeMgr.h
+++ b/src/kernel/KernelKit/PE32CodeMgr.h
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class PE32Loader : public ILoader {
   ErrorOr<VoidPtr> GetBlob() override;
 
  public:
-  bool IsLoaded();
+  BOOL IsLoaded();
 
  private:
 #ifdef __FSKIT_INCLUDES_NEFS__
@@ -78,14 +78,15 @@ class PE32Loader : public ILoader {
 #endif  // __FSKIT_INCLUDES_NEFS__
 
   Ref<KString> fPath;
-  VoidPtr      fCachedBlob;
-  BOOL         fBad;
+  RefAny       fCachedBlob{};
+  BOOL         fBad{};
 };
 
 enum { kPEPlatformInvalid, kPEPlatformAMD64 = 100, kPEPlatformARM64 };
 enum { kPETypeInvalid, kPETypeText = 100, kPETypeData, kPETypeBSS };
 
-typedef LDR_SECTION_HEADER PE_SECTION_INFO;
+using PE_SECTION_INFO = LDR_SECTION_HEADER;
 
-ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PE32Loader& exec, const Int32& process_kind);
+ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PE32Loader&                        exec,
+                                  const UserProcess::ExecutableKind& process_kind);
 }  // namespace Kernel
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/kernel/KernelKit/PEFCodeMgr.h b/src/kernel/KernelKit/PEFCodeMgr.h
index f7b6672a..db19eb0d 100644
--- a/src/kernel/KernelKit/PEFCodeMgr.h
+++ b/src/kernel/KernelKit/PEFCodeMgr.h
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class PEFLoader : public ILoader {
 };
 
 namespace Utils {
-  ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PEFLoader& exec, const Int32& procKind);
+  ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PEFLoader& exec, const UserProcess::ExecutableKind& procKind);
 }  // namespace Utils
 }  // namespace Kernel
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/KernelKit/TraceSrv.h b/src/kernel/KernelKit/TraceSrv.h
index 389357ec..2dced719 100644
--- a/src/kernel/KernelKit/TraceSrv.h
+++ b/src/kernel/KernelKit/TraceSrv.h
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 
 namespace Kernel {
 namespace Detail {
-  inline constexpr auto kDebugCmdLen  = 256U;
-  inline constexpr auto kDebugPort    = 51820;
-    /// \brief Debug Magic Value
+  inline constexpr auto kDebugCmdLen = 256U;
+  inline constexpr auto kDebugPort   = 51820;
+  /// \brief Debug Magic Value
   inline constexpr auto kDebugMagic   = "NE1.0.0;";
   inline constexpr auto kDebugVersion = 0x0100;
   inline constexpr auto kDebugDelim   = ';';
diff --git a/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h b/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h
index 77356aae..8f14fe9d 100644
--- a/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h
+++ b/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserMgr.h
@@ -88,8 +88,14 @@ class User final {
   UInt64       mUserFNV{0UL};
 };
 
+/// \brief Alias for user ptr.
+using UserPtr = User*;
+
+/// \brief Current running user.
 inline User* kCurrentUser = nullptr;
-inline User* kRootUser    = nullptr;
+
+/// \brief Super user.
+inline User* kRootUser = nullptr;
 }  // namespace Kernel
 
 #endif /* ifndef __KERNEL_KIT_USER_MGR_H__ */
diff --git a/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h b/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h
index c8790352..9a679c87 100644
--- a/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h
+++ b/src/kernel/KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class UserProcessHelper;
 /// @name UserProcess
 /// @brief UserProcess class, holds information about the running process/thread.
 /***********************************************************************************/
-class UserProcess NE_VETTABLE {
+class UserProcess {
  public:
   UserProcess();
   ~UserProcess();
@@ -55,20 +55,23 @@ class UserProcess NE_VETTABLE {
   SizeT              MemoryLimit{kSchedMaxMemoryLimit};
   SizeT              UsedMemory{0UL};
 
-  struct USER_PROCESS_SIGNAL final {
+  struct UserProcessSignal {
     UIntPtr           SignalArg{0};
     ProcessStatusKind Status{ProcessStatusKind::kKilled};
     UIntPtr           SignalID{0};
   };
 
-  USER_PROCESS_SIGNAL       Signal;
+  UserProcessSignal         Signal;
   ProcessFileTree<VoidPtr>* FileTree{nullptr};
   ProcessHeapTree<VoidPtr>* HeapTree{nullptr};
   UserProcessTeam*          ParentTeam;
 
+ public:
+  using VMReg = VoidPtr;
+
   VoidPtr VMRegister{0UL};
 
-  enum {
+  enum struct ExecutableKind {
     kInvalidExecutableKind,
     kExecutableKind,
     kExecutableDylibKind,
@@ -79,8 +82,8 @@ class UserProcess NE_VETTABLE {
   ProcessTime RTime{0};  //! @brief Process run time.
   ProcessTime UTime{0};  //! #brief Process used time.
 
-  ProcessID ProcessId{kSchedInvalidPID};
-  Int32     Kind{kExecutableKind};
+  ProcessID      ProcessId{kSchedInvalidPID};
+  ExecutableKind Kind{ExecutableKind::kExecutableKind};
 
  public:
   /***********************************************************************************/
diff --git a/src/kernel/NeKit/Config.h b/src/kernel/NeKit/Config.h
index 79dbf411..e4e34e2c 100644
--- a/src/kernel/NeKit/Config.h
+++ b/src/kernel/NeKit/Config.h
@@ -191,6 +191,9 @@ template <class Type>
 struct FalseResult final {
   using ResultType    = Type;
   using ResultTypeRef = ResultType&;
+  using TypeRef   = ResultTypeRef;
+  using ConstType = const Type&;
+  using TypePtr   = Type*;
 
   static constexpr bool kValue = false;
 };
@@ -199,6 +202,9 @@ template <class Type>
 struct TrueResult final {
   using ResultType    = Type;
   using ResultTypeRef = ResultType&;
+  using TypeRef   = ResultTypeRef;
+  using ConstType = const Type&;
+  using TypePtr   = Type*;
 
   static constexpr bool kValue = true;
 };
@@ -207,6 +213,9 @@ template <class Type>
 struct PropertyResult final {
   using ResultType    = Type;
   using ResultTypeRef = ResultType&;
+  using TypeRef   = ResultTypeRef;
+  using ConstType = const Type&;
+  using TypePtr   = Type*;
 
   static constexpr bool kValue = Type::kValue;
 };
diff --git a/src/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h b/src/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
index b4d6cb5e..2010f3e9 100644
--- a/src/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
+++ b/src/kernel/NeKit/Ref.h
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ class Ref final {
   ~Ref()         = default;
 
  public:
-  using Type = T;
+  using Type      = T;
+  using ConstType = const T&;
+  using RefType   = T&;
 
   Ref(Type* cls) : fClass(*cls) {}
   Ref(Type cls) : fClass(cls) {}
@@ -50,7 +52,10 @@ class Ref final {
 
   Type& Leak() { return fClass; }
 
-  Type& TryLeak() { return fClass; }
+  Type& TryLeak() {
+    MUST_PASS(fClass);
+    return fClass;
+  }
 
   Type operator*() { return fClass; }
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/NeKit/Variant.h b/src/kernel/NeKit/Variant.h
index 5747e9ca..c7aa509c 100644
--- a/src/kernel/NeKit/Variant.h
+++ b/src/kernel/NeKit/Variant.h
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ class Variant final {
 
   /// ========================================================================
   /// @brief Returns the underlying pointer.
-  /// @return the underlying pointer.
+  /// @return the underlying pointer as a reference.
   /// ========================================================================
-  VoidPtr Leak();
+  RefAny Leak();
 
   template <typename T>
   T* As() {
diff --git a/src/kernel/NeKit/Vettable.h b/src/kernel/NeKit/Vettable.h
index 8290b318..e4c09624 100644
--- a/src/kernel/NeKit/Vettable.h
+++ b/src/kernel/NeKit/Vettable.h
@@ -11,29 +11,16 @@
 #include <CompilerKit/CompilerKit.h>
 #include <NeKit/Config.h>
 
-#define NE_VETTABLE \
-  final:            \
-  public            \
-  ::Kernel::IVettable
-
 namespace Kernel {
-struct IVettable {
-  explicit IVettable() = default;
-  virtual ~IVettable() = default;
-
-  NE_COPY_DEFAULT(IVettable)
-};
-
 template <class Type>
 struct Vettable final {
   using ResultType = Type;
+  using TypeRef   = Type&;
+  using ConstType = const Type&;
+  using TypePtr   = Type*;
 
-  static constexpr BOOL kValue = NO;
-};
 
-template <>
-struct Vettable<IVettable> final {
-  static constexpr BOOL kValue = YES;
+  static constexpr BOOL kValue = NO;
 };
 
 template <class Type>
diff --git a/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h b/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h
index 3afa8484..62d3229b 100644
--- a/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h
+++ b/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.h
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class NetworkDevice;
  */
 class NetworkDevice final NE_DEVICE<NetworkDeviceCommand> {
  public:
-  NetworkDevice(void (*out)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
-                void (*in)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
+  NetworkDevice(void (*out)(IDevice<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
+                void (*in)(IDevice<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
                 void (*cleanup)(void) = nullptr);
 
   ~NetworkDevice() override;
diff --git a/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl b/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl
index a86d7e56..b57012c9 100644
--- a/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl
+++ b/src/kernel/NetworkKit/NetworkDevice.inl
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@
 #endif  // __INC_NETWORK_DEVICE_H__
 
 namespace Kernel {
-inline NetworkDevice::NetworkDevice(void (*out)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*,
-                                                NetworkDeviceCommand),
-                                    void (*in)(DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>*,
-                                               NetworkDeviceCommand),
-                                    void (*on_cleanup)(void))
-    : DeviceInterface<NetworkDeviceCommand>(out, in), fCleanup(on_cleanup) {
+inline NetworkDevice::NetworkDevice(
+    void (*out)(IDevice<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand),
+    void (*in)(IDevice<NetworkDeviceCommand>*, NetworkDeviceCommand), void (*on_cleanup)(void))
+    : IDevice<NetworkDeviceCommand>(out, in), fCleanup(on_cleanup) {
   kout << "NetworkDevice initialized.\r";
 
   MUST_PASS(out && in && on_cleanup);
diff --git a/src/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h b/src/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h
index 82bd9747..d29cb0fc 100644
--- a/src/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h
+++ b/src/kernel/StorageKit/AHCI.h
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 namespace Kernel {
 /// @brief AHCIDeviceInterface class
 /// @details This class is used to send and receive data from the AHCI device.
-/// @note The class is derived from the DeviceInterface class.
+/// @note The class is derived from the IDevice class.
 class AHCIDeviceInterface NE_DEVICE<IMountpoint*> {
  public:
-  explicit AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface* self, IMountpoint* out),
-                               void (*in)(DeviceInterface* self, IMountpoint* in));
+  explicit AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDevice* self, IMountpoint* out),
+                               void (*in)(IDevice* self, IMountpoint* in));
 
   virtual ~AHCIDeviceInterface() override;
 
@@ -28,12 +28,10 @@ class AHCIDeviceInterface NE_DEVICE<IMountpoint*> {
   const Char* Name() const override;
 
   const UInt16& GetPortsImplemented();
-
-  Void SetPortsImplemented(const UInt16& pi);
+  Void          SetPortsImplemented(const UInt16& pi);
 
   const UInt32& GetIndex();
-
-  Void SetIndex(const UInt32& drv);
+  Void          SetIndex(const UInt32& drv);
 
  public:
   AHCIDeviceInterface& operator<<(IMountpoint* Data) override;
diff --git a/src/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h b/src/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h
index f92e09d3..729cf4f7 100644
--- a/src/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h
+++ b/src/kernel/StorageKit/ATA.h
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 namespace Kernel {
 /// @brief ATA device interface class.
-class ATADeviceInterface : public DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*> {
+class ATADeviceInterface : public IDevice<IMountpoint*> {
  public:
-  explicit ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
-                              void (*In)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* inpacket));
+  explicit ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
+                              void (*In)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* inpacket));
 
   virtual ~ATADeviceInterface();
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h b/src/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h
index d1c036ab..3a4ced1e 100644
--- a/src/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h
+++ b/src/kernel/StorageKit/NVME.h
@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@
 namespace Kernel {
 class NVMEDeviceInterface final NE_DEVICE<IMountpoint*> {
  public:
-  explicit NVMEDeviceInterface(Void (*out)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* out_packet),
-                               Void (*in)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* in_packet),
-                               Void (*cleanup)(Void));
+  explicit NVMEDeviceInterface(Void (*out)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* out_packet),
+                               Void (*in)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* in_packet), Void (*cleanup)(Void));
 
   ~NVMEDeviceInterface() override;
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/StorageKit/SCSI.h b/src/kernel/StorageKit/SCSI.h
index f31d36f0..3354a678 100644
--- a/src/kernel/StorageKit/SCSI.h
+++ b/src/kernel/StorageKit/SCSI.h
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@
 namespace Kernel {
 class SCSIDeviceInterface final NE_DEVICE<IMountpoint*> {
  public:
-  explicit SCSIDeviceInterface(Void (*out)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* out_packet),
-                               Void (*in)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* in_packet),
-                               Void (*cleanup)(Void));
+  explicit SCSIDeviceInterface(Void (*out)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* out_packet),
+                               Void (*in)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* in_packet), Void (*cleanup)(Void));
 
   ~SCSIDeviceInterface() override;
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h b/src/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h
index c9633392..d7a1b6e9 100644
--- a/src/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h
+++ b/src/kernel/StorageKit/StorageKit.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 namespace Kernel {
 template <typename T>
-class DeviceInterface;
+class IDevice;
 
 class NVMEDeviceInterface;
 class AHCIDeviceInterface;
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc b/src/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc
index c5fac330..a43d08f0 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/Gfx/FBDeviceInterface.cc
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ using namespace Kernel;
 /// @param Out Drive output
 /// @param In  Drive input
 /// @param Cleanup Drive cleanup.
-FBDeviceInterface::FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* outpacket),
-                                     void (*in)(DeviceInterface* self, FBDevicePacket* inpacket))
-    : DeviceInterface(out, in) {}
+FBDeviceInterface::FBDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDevice* self, FBDevicePacket* outpacket),
+                                     void (*in)(IDevice* self, FBDevicePacket* inpacket))
+    : IDevice(out, in) {}
 
 /// @brief Class desctructor
 FBDeviceInterface::~FBDeviceInterface() = default;
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/PE32CodeMgr.cc b/src/kernel/src/PE32CodeMgr.cc
index 1aef8b0d..3cf43270 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/PE32CodeMgr.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/PE32CodeMgr.cc
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace Detail {
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
 PE32Loader::PE32Loader(const VoidPtr blob) : fCachedBlob(blob) {
-  MUST_PASS(fCachedBlob);
+  (Void) fCachedBlob.TryLeak();
   fBad = false;
 }
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ PE32Loader::PE32Loader(const VoidPtr blob) : fCachedBlob(blob) {
 /// @param path the filesystem path.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
-PE32Loader::PE32Loader(const Char* path) : fCachedBlob(nullptr), fBad(false) {
+PE32Loader::PE32Loader(const Char* path) : fCachedBlob(static_cast<VoidPtr>(nullptr)), fBad(false) {
   fFile.New(const_cast<Char*>(path), kRestrictRB);
   fPath = KStringBuilder::Construct(path).Leak();
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ PE32Loader::PE32Loader(const Char* path) : fCachedBlob(nullptr), fBad(false) {
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
 PE32Loader::~PE32Loader() {
-  if (fCachedBlob) mm_free_ptr(fCachedBlob);
+  if (fCachedBlob) mm_free_ptr(fCachedBlob.Leak());
 
   fFile.Reset();
 }
@@ -74,8 +74,9 @@ PE32Loader::~PE32Loader() {
 ErrorOr<VoidPtr> PE32Loader::FindSectionByName(const Char* name) {
   if (!fCachedBlob || fBad || !name) return ErrorOr<VoidPtr>{kErrorInvalidData};
 
-  LDR_EXEC_HEADER_PTR     header_ptr     = CF::ldr_find_exec_header((const Char*) fCachedBlob);
-  LDR_OPTIONAL_HEADER_PTR opt_header_ptr = CF::ldr_find_opt_exec_header((const Char*) fCachedBlob);
+  LDR_EXEC_HEADER_PTR     header_ptr = CF::ldr_find_exec_header((const Char*) fCachedBlob.Leak());
+  LDR_OPTIONAL_HEADER_PTR opt_header_ptr =
+      CF::ldr_find_opt_exec_header((const Char*) fCachedBlob.Leak());
 
   if (!header_ptr || !opt_header_ptr) return ErrorOr<VoidPtr>{kErrorInvalidData};
 
@@ -138,7 +139,8 @@ ErrorOr<VoidPtr> PE32Loader::FindSymbol(const Char* name, Int32 kind) {
 
   if (!sec_ptr || !*sec_ptr) return ErrorOr<VoidPtr>{kErrorInvalidData};
 
-  LDR_OPTIONAL_HEADER_PTR opt_header_ptr = CF::ldr_find_opt_exec_header((const Char*) fCachedBlob);
+  LDR_OPTIONAL_HEADER_PTR opt_header_ptr =
+      CF::ldr_find_opt_exec_header((const Char*) fCachedBlob.Leak());
 
   if (opt_header_ptr) {
     LDR_DATA_DIRECTORY_PTR data_dirs =
@@ -150,20 +152,22 @@ ErrorOr<VoidPtr> PE32Loader::FindSymbol(const Char* name, Int32 kind) {
       return ErrorOr<VoidPtr>{kErrorInvalidData};
 
     LDR_EXPORT_DIRECTORY* export_dir =
-        (LDR_EXPORT_DIRECTORY*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob + export_dir_entry->VirtualAddress);
+        (LDR_EXPORT_DIRECTORY*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob.Leak() + export_dir_entry->VirtualAddress);
 
-    UInt32* name_table     = (UInt32*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob + export_dir->AddressOfNames);
-    UInt16* ordinal_table  = (UInt16*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob + export_dir->AddressOfNameOrdinal);
-    UInt32* function_table = (UInt32*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob + export_dir->AddressOfFunctions);
+    UInt32* name_table = (UInt32*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob.Leak() + export_dir->AddressOfNames);
+    UInt16* ordinal_table =
+        (UInt16*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob.Leak() + export_dir->AddressOfNameOrdinal);
+    UInt32* function_table =
+        (UInt32*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob.Leak() + export_dir->AddressOfFunctions);
 
     for (UInt32 i = 0; i < export_dir->NumberOfNames; ++i) {
-      const char* exported_name = (const char*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob + name_table[i]);
+      const char* exported_name = (const char*) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob.Leak() + name_table[i]);
 
       if (KStringBuilder::Equals(exported_name, name)) {
         UInt16 ordinal = ordinal_table[i];
         UInt32 rva     = function_table[ordinal];
 
-        VoidPtr symbol_addr = (VoidPtr) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob + rva);
+        VoidPtr symbol_addr = (VoidPtr) ((UIntPtr) fCachedBlob.Leak() + rva);
 
         return ErrorOr<VoidPtr>{symbol_addr};
       }
@@ -212,11 +216,12 @@ const Char* PE32Loader::MIME() {
 }
 
 ErrorOr<VoidPtr> PE32Loader::GetBlob() {
-  return ErrorOr<VoidPtr>{this->fCachedBlob};
+  return ErrorOr<VoidPtr>{this->fCachedBlob.TryLeak()};
 }
 
 namespace Utils {
-  ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PE32Loader& exec, const Int32& process_kind) {
+  ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PE32Loader&                        exec,
+                                    const UserProcess::ExecutableKind& process_kind) {
     auto errOrStart = exec.FindStart();
 
     if (errOrStart.Error() != kErrorSuccess) return kSchedInvalidPID;
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/PEFCodeMgr.cc b/src/kernel/src/PEFCodeMgr.cc
index 7f87b58a..a373441b 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/PEFCodeMgr.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/PEFCodeMgr.cc
@@ -294,7 +294,8 @@ ErrorOr<VoidPtr> PEFLoader::GetBlob() {
 }
 
 namespace Utils {
-  ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PEFLoader& exec, const Int32& process_kind) {
+  ProcessID rtl_create_user_process(PEFLoader&                         exec,
+                                    const UserProcess::ExecutableKind& process_kind) {
     auto errOrStart = exec.FindStart();
 
     if (errOrStart.Error() != kErrorSuccess) return kSchedInvalidPID;
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc b/src/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc
index 4faad175..2ec993aa 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/Storage/AHCIDeviceInterface.cc
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ using namespace Kernel;
 /// @param Out Drive output
 /// @param In  Drive input
 /// @param Cleanup Drive cleanup.
-AHCIDeviceInterface::AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface* self, IMountpoint* outpacket),
-                                         void (*in)(DeviceInterface* self, IMountpoint* inpacket))
-    : DeviceInterface(out, in) {}
+AHCIDeviceInterface::AHCIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDevice* self, IMountpoint* outpacket),
+                                         void (*in)(IDevice* self, IMountpoint* inpacket))
+    : IDevice(out, in) {}
 
 /// @brief Class desctructor
 AHCIDeviceInterface::~AHCIDeviceInterface() = default;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ AHCIDeviceInterface& AHCIDeviceInterface::operator<<(IMountpoint* mnt) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>::operator<<(mnt);
+  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) IDevice<IMountpoint*>::operator<<(mnt);
 }
 
 /// @brief Input operator.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ AHCIDeviceInterface& AHCIDeviceInterface::operator>>(IMountpoint* mnt) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>::operator>>(mnt);
+  return (AHCIDeviceInterface&) IDevice<IMountpoint*>::operator>>(mnt);
 }
 
 const UInt16& AHCIDeviceInterface::GetPortsImplemented() {
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc b/src/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc
index 8e15fdea..16e0afda 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/Storage/ATADeviceInterface.cc
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ using namespace Kernel;
 /// @param Out Drive output
 /// @param In  Drive input
 /// @param Cleanup Drive cleanup.
-ATADeviceInterface::ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
-                                       void (*In)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* inpacket))
-    : DeviceInterface(Out, In) {}
+ATADeviceInterface::ATADeviceInterface(void (*Out)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
+                                       void (*In)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* inpacket))
+    : IDevice(Out, In) {}
 
 /// @brief Class desctructor
 ATADeviceInterface::~ATADeviceInterface() = default;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ ATADeviceInterface& ATADeviceInterface::operator<<(IMountpoint* Data) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (ATADeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>::operator<<(Data);
+  return (ATADeviceInterface&) IDevice<IMountpoint*>::operator<<(Data);
 }
 
 /// @brief Input operator.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ ATADeviceInterface& ATADeviceInterface::operator>>(IMountpoint* Data) {
     }
   }
 
-  return (ATADeviceInterface&) DeviceInterface<IMountpoint*>::operator>>(Data);
+  return (ATADeviceInterface&) IDevice<IMountpoint*>::operator>>(Data);
 }
 
 const UInt32& ATADeviceInterface::GetIndex() {
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc b/src/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc
index 12d9e363..6258ca7e 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/Storage/NVMEDeviceInterface.cc
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 #include <StorageKit/NVME.h>
 
 namespace Kernel {
-NVMEDeviceInterface::NVMEDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
-                                         void (*in)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* inpacket),
+NVMEDeviceInterface::NVMEDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
+                                         void (*in)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* inpacket),
                                          void (*cleanup)(void))
-    : DeviceInterface(out, in), fCleanup(cleanup) {}
+    : IDevice(out, in), fCleanup(cleanup) {}
 
 NVMEDeviceInterface::~NVMEDeviceInterface() {
   if (fCleanup) fCleanup();
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/Storage/SCSIDeviceInterface.cc b/src/kernel/src/Storage/SCSIDeviceInterface.cc
index 921e660a..e74d429b 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/Storage/SCSIDeviceInterface.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/Storage/SCSIDeviceInterface.cc
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 #include <StorageKit/SCSI.h>
 
 namespace Kernel {
-SCSIDeviceInterface::SCSIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
-                                         void (*in)(DeviceInterface*, IMountpoint* inpacket),
+SCSIDeviceInterface::SCSIDeviceInterface(void (*out)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* outpacket),
+                                         void (*in)(IDevice*, IMountpoint* inpacket),
                                          void (*cleanup)(void))
-    : DeviceInterface(out, in), fCleanup(cleanup) {}
+    : IDevice(out, in), fCleanup(cleanup) {}
 
 SCSIDeviceInterface::~SCSIDeviceInterface() {
   if (fCleanup) fCleanup();
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc b/src/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
index 97445251..cf3c27e9 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/UserProcessScheduler.cc
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Void UserProcess::Exit(const Int32& exit_code) {
   this->Image.fCode = nullptr;
   this->StackFrame  = nullptr;
 
-  if (this->Kind == kExecutableDylibKind) {
+  if (this->Kind == ExecutableKind::kExecutableDylibKind) {
     Bool success = false;
 
     rtl_fini_dylib_pef(*this, reinterpret_cast<IPEFDylibObject*>(this->DylibDelegate), &success);
@@ -320,13 +320,13 @@ Void UserProcess::Exit(const Int32& exit_code) {
 }
 
 /***********************************************************************************/
-/// @brief Add dylib to the process object.
+/// @brief Initializer dylib of User Process.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
 Bool UserProcess::InitDylib() {
   // React according to the process's kind.
   switch (this->Kind) {
-    case UserProcess::kExecutableDylibKind: {
+    case ExecutableKind::kExecutableDylibKind: {
       this->DylibDelegate = rtl_init_dylib_pef(*this);
 
       if (!this->DylibDelegate) {
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ Bool UserProcess::InitDylib() {
 
       return YES;
     }
-    case UserProcess::kExecutableKind: {
+    case ExecutableKind::kExecutableKind: {
       return NO;
     }
     default: {
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ Bool UserProcess::InitDylib() {
     }
   }
 
-  (Void)(kout << "Unknown process kind: " << hex_number(this->Kind) << kendl);
+  (Void)(kout << "Unknown process kind: " << hex_number(static_cast<Int32>(this->Kind)) << kendl);
   this->Crash();
 
   return NO;
diff --git a/src/kernel/src/Variant.cc b/src/kernel/src/Variant.cc
index fcf2f443..05bacf8c 100644
--- a/src/kernel/src/Variant.cc
+++ b/src/kernel/src/Variant.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Variant::VariantKind& Variant::Kind() {
 }
 
 /// @brief Leak variant's instance.
-VoidPtr Variant::Leak() {
-  return this->fPtr;
+RefAny Variant::Leak() {
+  return {this->fPtr};
 }
 }  // namespace Kernel