Merge pull request #55 from nekernel-org/dev

v0.0.4

22 files changed, 346 insertions, 102 deletions

diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CxxAbi.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CxxAbi.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd135abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/CxxAbi.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+  Copyright (C) 2024-2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
+
+------------------------------------------- */
+
+#include <KernelKit/DebugOutput.h>
+#include <KernelKit/KPC.h>
+#include <KernelKit/UserProcessScheduler.h>
+#include <NeKit/CxxAbi.h>
+
+atexit_func_entry_t __atexit_funcs[kAtExitMacDestructors];
+
+uarch_t __atexit_func_count;
+
+/// @brief dynamic shared object Handle.
+Kernel::UIntPtr __dso_handle;
+
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void __cxa_pure_virtual(void* self) {
+  (Kernel::Void)(Kernel::kout << "object: "
+                              << Kernel::number(reinterpret_cast<Kernel::UIntPtr>(self)));
+  (Kernel::Void)(Kernel::kout << ", has unimplemented virtual functions.\r");
+}
+
+EXTERN_C void ___chkstk_ms(PtrDiff frame_size) {
+  char* sp;
+  asm volatile("mov %%rsp, %0" : "=r"(sp));
+
+  for (PtrDiff offset = kPageSize; offset < frame_size; offset += kPageSize) {
+    sp[-offset] = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+EXTERN_C int atexit(void (*f)()) {
+  if (__atexit_func_count >= kAtExitMacDestructors) return 1;
+
+  __atexit_funcs[__atexit_func_count].destructor_func = f;
+
+  __atexit_func_count++;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+EXTERN_C void __cxa_finalize(void* f) {
+  uarch_t i = __atexit_func_count;
+  if (!f) {
+    while (i--) {
+      if (__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func) {
+        (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)();
+      };
+    }
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  while (i--) {
+    if (__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func) {
+      (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)();
+      __atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func = 0;
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+namespace cxxabiv1 {
+EXTERN_C int __cxa_guard_acquire(__guard* g) {
+  (void) g;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+EXTERN_C int __cxa_guard_release(__guard* g) {
+  *(char*) g = 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+EXTERN_C void __cxa_guard_abort(__guard* g) {
+  (void) g;
+}
+}  // namespace cxxabiv1
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
index aeaeff52..64f146f3 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
@@ -32,10 +32,9 @@
 #include <modules/ACPI/ACPIFactoryInterface.h>
 #include <modules/CoreGfx/TextGfx.h>
 
-/// @note: _hal_switch_context is internal
-
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
+/// @note: _hal_switch_context is internal.
 /// @brief The **HAL** namespace.
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -45,15 +44,15 @@ struct HAL_APIC_MADT;
 struct HAL_HARDWARE_THREAD;
 
 struct HAL_HARDWARE_THREAD final {
-  HAL::StackFramePtr mFramePtr;
-  ProcessID          mThreadID{0};
+  StackFramePtr mFramePtr;
+  ProcessID     mThreadID{0};
 };
 
-EXTERN_C Void sched_jump_to_task(HAL::StackFramePtr stack_frame);
+EXTERN_C Void sched_jump_to_task(StackFramePtr stack_frame);
 
-STATIC HAL_APIC_MADT* kMADTBlock = nullptr;
-STATIC Bool           kSMPAware  = false;
-STATIC Int64          kSMPCount  = 0;
+STATIC HAL_APIC_MADT* kSMPBlock = nullptr;
+STATIC Bool           kSMPAware = false;
+STATIC Int64          kSMPCount = 0;
 
 EXTERN_C UIntPtr kApicBaseAddress;
 
@@ -70,6 +69,7 @@ struct HAL_APIC_MADT final SDT_OBJECT {
   UInt8  List[1];  // Records List
 };
 
+/// @brief Local APIC Descriptor Table.
 struct LAPIC final {
   UInt8  Type;
   UInt8  Length;
@@ -113,17 +113,19 @@ EXTERN_C HAL::StackFramePtr mp_get_current_task(ThreadID thrdid) {
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
 EXTERN_C BOOL mp_register_task(HAL::StackFramePtr stack_frame, ThreadID thrdid) {
-  if (thrdid > kSMPCount) return NO;
   if (!stack_frame) return NO;
 
-  kHWThread[thrdid].mFramePtr = stack_frame;
-
-  HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[thrdid].Leak()->Busy(NO);
+  if (thrdid > kSMPCount) return NO;
 
   if (!kSMPAware) {
     sched_jump_to_task(kHWThread[thrdid].mFramePtr);
+
+    return YES;
   }
 
+  HardwareThreadScheduler::The()[thrdid].Leak()->Busy(NO);
+  kHWThread[thrdid].mFramePtr = stack_frame;
+
   return YES;
 }
 
@@ -158,11 +160,11 @@ Void mp_init_cores(VoidPtr vendor_ptr) noexcept {
     return;
   }
 
-  kRawMADT   = pwr.Leak().Leak();
-  kMADTBlock = reinterpret_cast<HAL_APIC_MADT*>(kRawMADT);
-  kSMPAware  = NO;
+  kRawMADT  = pwr.Leak().Leak();
+  kSMPBlock = reinterpret_cast<HAL_APIC_MADT*>(kRawMADT);
+  kSMPAware = NO;
 
-  if (kMADTBlock) {
+  if (kSMPBlock) {
     kSMPInterrupt = 0;
     kSMPCount     = 0;
 
@@ -189,8 +191,8 @@ Void mp_init_cores(VoidPtr vendor_ptr) noexcept {
     controller.Write(LAPIC_REG_TIMER_LVT, 0x20 | (1 << 17));
     controller.Write(LAPIC_REG_TIMER_INITCNT, 1000000);
 
-    volatile UInt8* entry_ptr = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt8*>(kMADTBlock->List);
-    volatile UInt8* end_ptr   = ((UInt8*) kMADTBlock) + kMADTBlock->Length;
+    volatile UInt8* entry_ptr = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt8*>(kSMPBlock->List);
+    volatile UInt8* end_ptr   = ((UInt8*) kSMPBlock) + kSMPBlock->Length;
 
     while (entry_ptr < end_ptr) {
       UInt8 type   = *entry_ptr;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc
index be6d0af5..0c2d0960 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc
@@ -61,8 +61,7 @@ EXTERN_C void idt_handle_scheduler(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp) {
 
   hal_idt_send_eoi(32);
 
-  while (kIsRunning)
-    ;
+  while (kIsRunning);
 
   kIsRunning = YES;
 
@@ -148,8 +147,8 @@ EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_system_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash,
 /// @brief Enter Kernel call from assembly (libDDK only).
 /// @param stack the stack pushed from assembly routine.
 /// @return nothing.
-EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_kernel_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash,
-                                            Kernel::UIntPtr rdx_kerncall_arg) {
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_kernel_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash, Kernel::SizeT cnt,
+                                            Kernel::UIntPtr arg, Kernel::SizeT sz) {
   hal_idt_send_eoi(51);
 
   if (!Kernel::kRootUser) return;
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_kernel_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash,
   for (SizeT i = 0UL; i < kMaxDispatchCallCount; ++i) {
     if (kKernCalls[i].fHooked && rcx_hash == kKernCalls[rcx_hash].fHash) {
       if (kKernCalls[i].fProc) {
-        (kKernCalls[i].fProc)((Kernel::VoidPtr) rdx_kerncall_arg);
+        (kKernCalls[i].fProc)(cnt, (Kernel::VoidPtr) arg, sz);
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cc
index f9749946..56d46a15 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalDescriptorLoader.cc
@@ -30,10 +30,11 @@ Void IDTLoader::Load(Register64& idt) {
   volatile UIntPtr** ptr_ivt = (volatile UIntPtr**) idt.Base;
 
   for (SizeT idt_indx = 0; idt_indx < kKernelIdtSize; ++idt_indx) {
-    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].Selector       = kIDTSelector;
-    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].Ist            = 0;
-    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].TypeAttributes = kInterruptGate;
-    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].OffsetLow      = ((UIntPtr) ptr_ivt[idt_indx] & 0xFFFF);
+    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].Selector = kIDTSelector;
+    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].Ist      = 0;
+    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].TypeAttributes =
+        kKernelInterruptId ? kUserInterruptGate : kInterruptGate;
+    Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].OffsetLow = ((UIntPtr) ptr_ivt[idt_indx] & 0xFFFF);
     Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].OffsetMid =
         (((UIntPtr) ptr_ivt[idt_indx] >> 16) & 0xFFFF);
     Detail::kInterruptVectorTable[idt_indx].OffsetHigh =
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc
index 446a1e85..c7a87b13 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalKernelMain.cc
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include <KernelKit/Timer.h>
 #include <NetworkKit/IPC.h>
 #include <StorageKit/AHCI.h>
-#include <generic_kits/BenchKit/X64Chrono.h>
+#include <misc/BenchKit/X64Chrono.h>
 #include <modules/ACPI/ACPIFactoryInterface.h>
 #include <modules/CoreGfx/TextGfx.h>
 
@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ EXTERN_C Int32 hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
 
   kKernelVM = kHandoverHeader->f_PageStart;
 
+  if (!kKernelVM) {
+    MUST_PASS(kKernelVM);
+    return kEfiFail;
+  }
+
   hal_write_cr3(kKernelVM);
 
   /************************************** */
@@ -163,7 +168,6 @@ EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_real_init(Kernel::Void) noexcept {
 
   idt_loader.Load(idt_reg);
 
-  while (YES)
-    ;
+  while (YES);
 }
 #endif  // ifndef __NE_MODULAR_KERNEL_COMPONENTS__
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPagingMgr.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPagingMgr.cc
index 048cb7c2..ced4f268 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPagingMgr.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalPagingMgr.cc
@@ -117,9 +117,12 @@ EXTERN_C Int32 mm_memory_fence(VoidPtr virtual_address) {
 /// @param flags the flags to put on the page.
 /// @return Status code of page manipulation process.
 /***********************************************************************************/
-EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags) {
+EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags,
+                           UInt32 level) {
   if (physical_address == 0) return kErrorInvalidData;
 
+  NE_UNUSED(level);  /// @todo support PML4, and PDPT levels.
+
   const UInt64     kVMAddr   = (UInt64) virtual_address;
   constexpr UInt64 kMask9    = 0x1FF;
   constexpr UInt64 kPageMask = 0xFFF;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cc
index 13573880..22876a96 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/HalTimer.cc
@@ -61,11 +61,8 @@ HardwareTimer::HardwareTimer(UInt64 ms) : fWaitFor(ms) {
   // if not enabled yet.

   if (!(*((volatile UInt64*) ((UInt8*) fDigitalTimer + kHPETConfigRegValue)) & (1 << 0))) {

     *((volatile UInt64*) ((UInt8*) fDigitalTimer + kHPETConfigRegValue)) =

-        *((volatile UInt64*) ((UInt8*) fDigitalTimer + kHPETConfigRegValue)) |

-        (1 << 0);  // enable timer

-    *((volatile UInt64*) ((UInt8*) fDigitalTimer + kHPETConfigRegValue)) =

-        *((volatile UInt64*) ((UInt8*) fDigitalTimer + kHPETConfigRegValue)) |

-        (1 << 3);  // one shot conf

+        *((volatile UInt64*) ((UInt8*) fDigitalTimer + kHPETConfigRegValue)) | (1 << 0) |

+        (1 << 3);  // enable timer & one shot conf

   }

 }

 

@@ -80,18 +77,21 @@ HardwareTimer::~HardwareTimer() {
 

 BOOL HardwareTimer::Wait() noexcept {

   if (fWaitFor < 1) return NO;

+  if (fWaitFor > 1'000'000) return NO;  // max 1000s = 16 minutes

 

-  UInt64 hpet_cap              = *((volatile UInt64*) (fDigitalTimer + kHPETCounterRegValue));

+  UInt64 hpet_cap              = *((volatile UInt64*) (fDigitalTimer));

   UInt64 femtoseconds_per_tick = (hpet_cap >> 32);

 

   if (femtoseconds_per_tick == 0) return NO;

 

   volatile UInt64* timer = (volatile UInt64*) (fDigitalTimer + kHPETCounterRegValue);

 

-  UInt64 now  = *timer;

-  UInt64 prev = now + (fWaitFor / femtoseconds_per_tick);

+  UInt64 now = *timer;

+

+  UInt64 fs_wait = fWaitFor * 1'000'000'000'000ULL;

+  UInt64 stop_at = now + (fs_wait / femtoseconds_per_tick);

 

-  while (*timer < (prev)) asm volatile("pause");

+  while (*timer < (stop_at)) asm volatile("pause");

 

   return YES;

 }

diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Network/Generic+Basic+RTL8139.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Network/Generic+Basic+RTL8139.cc
index 3ccbfa24..be27915a 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Network/Generic+Basic+RTL8139.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Network/Generic+Basic+RTL8139.cc
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ using namespace Kernel::HAL;
 
 STATIC UInt16 kRTLIOBase = 0xFFFF;
 
-STATIC BOOL kTXEnabled = NO;
-
-STATIC UInt32 kRXOffset = 0UL;
+STATIC BOOL kTXRXEnabled = NO;
 
+STATIC UInt32                 kRXOffset     = 0UL;
 STATIC constexpr CONST UInt32 kRXBufferSize = 8192 + 16 + 1500;
 
 STATIC UInt8* kRXUpperLayer = nullptr;
@@ -26,8 +25,8 @@ STATIC UInt8* kRXBuffer     = nullptr;
 ///@brief RTL8139 Init routine.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
-EXTERN_C Void rtl_init_nic_rtl8139(UInt16 io_base) noexcept {
-  if (kTXEnabled) return;
+EXTERN_C BOOL rtl_init_nic_rtl8139(UInt16 io_base) noexcept {
+  if (kTXRXEnabled) return NO;
 
   kRTLIOBase = io_base;
 
@@ -49,8 +48,7 @@ EXTERN_C Void rtl_init_nic_rtl8139(UInt16 io_base) noexcept {
   }
 
   if (timeout <= 0x1000) {
-    ke_panic(RUNTIME_CHECK_BAD_BEHAVIOR, "RTL8139: Reset failed");
-    return;
+    return NO;
   }
 
   rt_out32(io_base + 0x30, (UInt32) (UIntPtr) kRXBuffer);
@@ -61,16 +59,21 @@ EXTERN_C Void rtl_init_nic_rtl8139(UInt16 io_base) noexcept {
 
   rt_out16(io_base + 0x3C, 0x0005);
 
-  kTXEnabled = YES;
+  kTXRXEnabled = YES;
+
+  return YES;
 }
 
 /***********************************************************************************/
 /// @brief RTL8139 I/O interrupt handler.
+/// @param rsp stack pointer.
 /// @note This function is called when the device interrupts to retrieve network data.
 /***********************************************************************************/
 
-EXTERN_C void rtl_rtl8139_interrupt_handler() {
-  if (kRTLIOBase == 0xFFFF) return;
+EXTERN_C Void rtl_rtl8139_interrupt_handler(UIntPtr rsp) {
+  if (kRTLIOBase == 0xFFFF || kRTLIOBase == 0) return;
+
+  NE_UNUSED(rsp);
 
   UInt16 status = rt_in16(kRTLIOBase + 0x3E);
   rt_out16(kRTLIOBase + 0x3E, status);
@@ -111,4 +114,16 @@ EXTERN_C void rtl_rtl8139_interrupt_handler() {
 
 EXTERN_C UInt8* rtl_rtl8139_get_upper_layer() {
   return kRXUpperLayer;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+/// @brief RTL8139 set upper layer function
+/// @param layer the upper layer.
+/***********************************************************************************/
+
+EXTERN_C BOOL rtl_rtl8139_set_upper_layer(UInt8* layer) {
+  if (!layer) return NO;
+  kRXUpperLayer = layer;
+
+  return YES;
+}
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Paging.h b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Paging.h
index 079acde4..cf297632 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Paging.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Paging.h
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ namespace Detail {
     PageEnable          = 31,
   };
 
-  inline UInt8 control_register_cast(ControlRegisterBits reg) { return static_cast<UInt8>(reg); }
+  inline UInt8 control_register_cast(ControlRegisterBits reg) {
+    return static_cast<UInt8>(reg);
+  }
 }  // namespace Detail
 
 auto mm_alloc_bitmap(Boolean wr, Boolean user, SizeT size, Bool is_page, SizeT pad = 0) -> VoidPtr;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.h b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.h
index 80dc7a1d..99f857b1 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Processor.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 #define IsLevelTriggered(FLG) (FLG & 8)
 
 #define kInterruptGate (0x8E)
+#define kUserInterruptGate (0xEE)
 #define kTrapGate (0xEF)
 #define kTaskGate (0b10001100)
 #define kIDTSelector (0x08)
@@ -245,7 +246,8 @@ class LAPICDmaWrapper final {
 /// @param phys_addr point to physical address.
 /// @param flags the flags to put on the page.
 /// @return Status code of page manip.
-EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags);
+EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags,
+                           UInt32 level = 2);
 
 EXTERN_C UInt8  rt_in8(UInt16 port);
 EXTERN_C UInt16 rt_in16(UInt16 port);
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
index cd41480a..3363e809 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/AHCI+Generic.cc
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ template <BOOL Write, BOOL CommandOrCTRL, BOOL Identify>
 STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz,
                                       SizeT size_buffer) noexcept {
   if (sector_sz == 0) {
-    kout << "Invalid sector size.\r";
+    kout << "ahci: Invalid sector size.\r";
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
     return;
   }
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz
   lba /= sector_sz;
 
   if (!buffer || size_buffer == 0) {
-    kout << "Invalid buffer for AHCI I/O.\r";
+    kout << "ahci: Invalid buffer for AHCI I/O.\r";
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
     return;
   }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz
 
   while (slot == ~0UL) {
     if (timeout > kTimeout) {
-      kout << "No free command slot found, AHCI disk is busy!\r";
+      kout << "ahci: No free command slot found, AHCI disk is busy!\r";
 
       err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
       return;
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz
   command_table->Prdt[prdt_index - 1].Ie = YES;
 
   if (bytes_remaining > 0) {
-    kout << "Warning: AHCI PRDT overflow, cannot map full buffer.\r";
+    kout << "ahci: AHCI PRDT overflow, cannot map full buffer.\r";
     err_global_get() = kErrorDisk;
     rtl_dma_free(size_buffer);
 
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz
 
   while (YES) {
     if (timeout > kTimeout) {
-      kout << "Disk hangup!\r";
+      kout << "ahci: disk-hangup, corrupted-disk.\r";
       err_global_get() = kErrorDiskIsCorrupted;
       rtl_dma_free(size_buffer);
 
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz
   rtl_dma_flush(ptr, size_buffer);
 
   if (kSATAHba->Is & kSATAErrTaskFile) {
-    kout << "AHCI Task File Error during I/O.\r";
+    kout << "ahci: Task File Error during I/O.\r";
 
     rtl_dma_free(size_buffer);
     err_global_get() = kErrorDiskIsCorrupted;
@@ -293,9 +293,8 @@ STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz
     if ((kSATAHba->Ports[kSATAIndex].Tfd & (kSATASRBsy | kSATASRDrq)) == 0) {
       goto ahci_io_end;
     } else {
-      kout << "Warning: Disk still busy after command completion!\r";
-      while (kSATAHba->Ports[kSATAIndex].Tfd & (kSATASRBsy | kSATASRDrq))
-        ;
+      kout << "ahci: Disk still busy after command completion!\r";
+      while (kSATAHba->Ports[kSATAIndex].Tfd & (kSATASRBsy | kSATASRDrq));
     }
 
   ahci_io_end:
@@ -308,13 +307,15 @@ STATIC Void drv_std_input_output_ahci(UInt64 lba, UInt8* buffer, SizeT sector_sz
   @brief Gets the number of sectors inside the drive.
   @return Sector size in bytes.
  */
-STATIC ATTRIBUTE(unused) SizeT drv_get_sector_count_ahci() {
+STATIC ATTRIBUTE(unused)
+SizeT  drv_get_sector_count_ahci() {
   return kSATASectorCount;
 }
 
 /// @brief Get the drive size.
 /// @return Disk size in bytes.
-STATIC ATTRIBUTE(unused) SizeT drv_get_size_ahci() {
+STATIC ATTRIBUTE(unused)
+SizeT  drv_get_size_ahci() {
   return drv_std_get_sector_count() * kAHCISectorSize;
 }
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/DMA+Generic.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/DMA+Generic.cc
index 39efb7d3..4688203f 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/DMA+Generic.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/DMA+Generic.cc
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Void drv_std_read(UInt64 Lba, UInt16 IO, UInt8 Master, Char* Buf, SizeT SectorSz
 
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, ((Size + SectorSz - 1) / SectorSz));
 
-  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) &0xFF);
+  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) & 0xFF);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA1, (Lba) >> 8);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA2, (Lba) >> 16);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA3, (Lba) >> 24);
@@ -123,8 +123,7 @@ Void drv_std_read(UInt64 Lba, UInt16 IO, UInt8 Master, Char* Buf, SizeT SectorSz
 
   rt_out8(kATADevice.Bar(0x20) + 0x00, 0x09);  // Start DMA engine
 
-  while (rt_in8(kATADevice.Bar(0x20) + ATA_REG_STATUS) & 0x01)
-    ;
+  while (rt_in8(kATADevice.Bar(0x20) + ATA_REG_STATUS) & 0x01);
 
   rt_out8(kATADevice.Bar(0x20) + 0x00, 0x00);  // Stop DMA engine
 
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ Void drv_std_write(UInt64 Lba, UInt16 IO, UInt8 Master, Char* Buf, SizeT SectorS
 
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, ((Size + (SectorSz - 1)) / SectorSz));
 
-  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) &0xFF);
+  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) & 0xFF);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA1, (Lba) >> 8);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA2, (Lba) >> 16);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA3, (Lba) >> 24);
@@ -163,8 +162,7 @@ Void drv_std_write(UInt64 Lba, UInt16 IO, UInt8 Master, Char* Buf, SizeT SectorS
 
   rt_out8(IO + 0x00, 0x09);  // Start DMA engine
 
-  while (rt_in8(kATADevice.Bar(0x20) + ATA_REG_STATUS) & 0x01)
-    ;
+  while (rt_in8(kATADevice.Bar(0x20) + ATA_REG_STATUS) & 0x01);
 
   rt_out8(kATADevice.Bar(0x20) + 0x00, 0x00);  // Stop DMA engine
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
index 6fccbdfa..9c5b3931 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/AMD64/Storage/PIO+Generic.cc
@@ -83,8 +83,7 @@ ATAInit_Retry:
 
   rt_out8(OutBus + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY);
 
-  while (!(rt_in8(IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ))
-    ;
+  while (!(rt_in8(IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ));
 
   /// fetch serial info
   /// model, speed, number of sectors...
@@ -117,15 +116,14 @@ Void drv_pio_std_read(UInt64 Lba, UInt16 IO, UInt8 Master, Char* Buf, SizeT Sect
 
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, ((Size + SectorSz) / SectorSz));
 
-  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) &0xFF);
+  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) & 0xFF);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA1, (Lba) >> 8);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA2, (Lba) >> 16);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA3, (Lba) >> 24);
 
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_READ_PIO);
 
-  while (!(rt_in8(IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ))
-    ;
+  while (!(rt_in8(IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ));
 
   for (SizeT IndexOff = 0; IndexOff < Size; IndexOff += 2) {
     drv_pio_std_wait_io(IO);
@@ -149,15 +147,14 @@ Void drv_pio_std_write(UInt64 Lba, UInt16 IO, UInt8 Master, Char* Buf, SizeT Sec
 
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_SEC_COUNT0, ((Size + SectorSz) / SectorSz));
 
-  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) &0xFF);
+  rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (Lba) & 0xFF);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA1, (Lba) >> 8);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA2, (Lba) >> 16);
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_LBA3, (Lba) >> 24);
 
   rt_out8(IO + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO);
 
-  while (!(rt_in8(IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ))
-    ;
+  while (!(rt_in8(IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ));
 
   for (SizeT IndexOff = 0; IndexOff < Size; IndexOff += 2) {
     drv_pio_std_wait_io(IO);
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/APM/APM+IO.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/APM/APM+IO.cc
index e58fb782..17a60515 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/APM/APM+IO.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/APM/APM+IO.cc
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 using namespace Kernel;
 
-/// @brief Send APM command to it's IO space.
+/// @brief Send APM command to its IO space.
 /// @param base_dma the IO base port.
 /// @param cmd the command.
 /// @return status code.
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/CxxAbi.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/CxxAbi.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..964fc2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/CxxAbi.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/* -------------------------------------------
+
+  Copyright (C) 2024-2025, Amlal El Mahrouss, all rights reserved.
+
+------------------------------------------- */
+
+#include <KernelKit/DebugOutput.h>
+#include <KernelKit/KPC.h>
+#include <NeKit/CxxAbi.h>
+
+atexit_func_entry_t __atexit_funcs[kAtExitMacDestructors];
+
+uarch_t __atexit_func_count;
+
+/// @brief dynamic shared object Handle.
+Kernel::UIntPtr __dso_handle;
+
+EXTERN_C void __chkstk(void) {}
+
+EXTERN_C int atexit(void (*f)(), void* arg, void* dso) {
+  if (__atexit_func_count >= kAtExitMacDestructors) return 1;
+
+  __atexit_funcs[__atexit_func_count].destructor_func = f;
+  __atexit_funcs[__atexit_func_count].obj_ptr         = arg;
+  __atexit_funcs[__atexit_func_count].dso_handle      = dso;
+
+  __atexit_func_count++;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+EXTERN_C void __cxa_finalize(void* f) {
+  uarch_t i = __atexit_func_count;
+  if (!f) {
+    while (i--) {
+      if (__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func) {
+        (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)();
+        __atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func = 0;
+      };
+    }
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  while (i--) {
+    if (__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func) {
+      (*__atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func)();
+      __atexit_funcs[i].destructor_func = 0;
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+namespace cxxabiv1 {
+EXTERN_C int __cxa_guard_acquire(__guard* g) {
+  (void) g;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+EXTERN_C int __cxa_guard_release(__guard* g) {
+  *(char*) g = 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+EXTERN_C void __cxa_guard_abort(__guard* g) {
+  (void) g;
+}
+}  // namespace cxxabiv1
+
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void _purecall(void* self) {
+  (Kernel::Void)(Kernel::kout << "object: "
+                              << Kernel::number(reinterpret_cast<Kernel::UIntPtr>(self)));
+  (Kernel::Void)(Kernel::kout << ", has unimplemented virtual functions.\r");
+}
+
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void _Init_thread_footer(Kernel::Int* thread_obj) {
+  NE_UNUSED(thread_obj);
+}
+
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void _Init_thread_epoch(Kernel::Void) {
+  NE_UNUSED(0);
+}
+
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void _Init_thread_header(Kernel::Int* thread_obj) {
+  NE_UNUSED(0);
+}
+
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Int _tls_index = 0UL;
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc
index 61a82314..63a42de8 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalCoreInterruptHandler.cc
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@
 #include <SignalKit/Signals.h>
 
 EXTERN_C Kernel::Void int_handle_breakpoint(Kernel::UIntPtr rip);
- EXTERN_C BOOL mp_handle_gic_interrupt_el0(Void);
+EXTERN_C BOOL         mp_handle_gic_interrupt_el0(Void);
 
-EXTERN_C BOOL kEndOfInterrupt;
+EXTERN_C BOOL  kEndOfInterrupt;
 EXTERN_C UInt8 kEndOfInterruptVector;
 
 STATIC BOOL kIsRunning = NO;
 
 /// @note This is managed by the system software.
 STATIC void hal_int_send_eoi(UInt8 vector) {
-  kEndOfInterrupt = YES;
+  kEndOfInterrupt       = YES;
   kEndOfInterruptVector = vector;
 }
 
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ EXTERN_C void int_handle_scheduler(Kernel::UIntPtr rsp) {
 
   hal_int_send_eoi(32);
 
-  while (kIsRunning)
-    ;
+  while (kIsRunning);
 
   kIsRunning = YES;
 
@@ -143,10 +142,8 @@ EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_system_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash,
 /// @brief Enter Kernel call from assembly (libDDK only).
 /// @param stack the stack pushed from assembly routine.
 /// @return nothing.
-EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_kernel_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash,
-                                            Kernel::UIntPtr rdx_kerncall_arg) {
-  hal_int_send_eoi(51);
-
+EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_kernel_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash, Kernel::SizeT cnt,
+                                            Kernel::UIntPtr arg, Kernel::SizeT sz) {
   if (!Kernel::kRootUser) return;
   if (Kernel::kCurrentUser != Kernel::kRootUser) return;
   if (!Kernel::kCurrentUser->IsSuperUser()) return;
@@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ EXTERN_C Kernel::Void hal_kernel_call_enter(Kernel::UIntPtr rcx_hash,
   for (SizeT i = 0UL; i < kMaxDispatchCallCount; ++i) {
     if (kKernCalls[i].fHooked && rcx_hash == kKernCalls[rcx_hash].fHash) {
       if (kKernCalls[i].fProc) {
-        (kKernCalls[i].fProc)((Kernel::VoidPtr) rdx_kerncall_arg);
+        (kKernCalls[i].fProc)(cnt, (Kernel::VoidPtr) arg, sz);
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc
index 20bd3d8a..d8e6843b 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalKernelMain.cc
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ EXTERN_C void hal_init_platform(Kernel::HEL::BootInfoHeader* handover_hdr) {
 
   Kernel::mp_init_cores();
 
-  while (YES)
-    ;
+  while (YES);
 }
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalPagingMgr.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalPagingMgr.cc
index faad6778..b7b0c10e 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalPagingMgr.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/HalPagingMgr.cc
@@ -13,16 +13,74 @@
 namespace Kernel::HAL {
 typedef UInt32 PageTableIndex;
 
+EXTERN_C UIntPtr mm_get_page_addr(VoidPtr virtual_address) {
+  if (!virtual_address) return 0;
+
+  UInt64 ttbr0_val = 0;
+
+  asm volatile("mrs %0, ttbr0_el1" : "=r"(ttbr0_val));
+  volatile UInt64* l1_table = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt64*>(ttbr0_val);
+
+  UInt64 l1_idx = (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(virtual_address) >> 39) & 0x1FF;
+  UInt64 l2_idx = (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(virtual_address) >> 30) & 0x1FF;
+  UInt64 l3_idx = (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(virtual_address) >> 21) & 0x1FF;
+
+  if (!l1_table[l1_idx]) return 0;
+
+  volatile UInt64* l2_table = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt64*>(l1_table[l1_idx] & ~0xFFFUL);
+
+  if (!l2_table[l2_idx]) return 0;
+
+  volatile UInt64* l3_table = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt64*>(l2_table[l2_idx] & ~0xFFFUL);
+
+  if (!l3_table[l3_idx]) return 0;
+
+  return (l3_table[l3_idx] & ~0xFFFUL);
+}
+
 /// @brief Maps or allocates a page from virtual_address.
 /// @param virtual_address a valid virtual address.
 /// @param phys_addr point to physical address.
 /// @param flags the flags to put on the page.
 /// @return Status code of page manipulation process.
-EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags) {
-  if (!virtual_address || !flags) return kErrorInvalidData;
+EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags,
+                           UInt32 level) {
+  if (!virtual_address || !flags || !physical_address) return kErrorInvalidData;
+
+  UInt64 ttbr0_val = 0;
+
+  asm volatile("mrs %0, ttbr0_el1" : "=r"(ttbr0_val));
+  volatile UInt64* l1_table = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt64*>(ttbr0_val);
+
+  UInt64 l1_idx = (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(virtual_address) >> 39) & 0x1FF;
+  UInt64 l2_idx = (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(virtual_address) >> 30) & 0x1FF;
+  UInt64 l3_idx = (reinterpret_cast<UIntPtr>(virtual_address) >> 21) & 0x1FF;
+
+  if (!l1_table[l1_idx]) return kErrorInvalidData;
+
+  volatile UInt64* l2_table = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt64*>(l1_table[l1_idx] & ~0xFFFUL);
+
+  if (!l2_table[l2_idx]) return kErrorInvalidData;
+
+  volatile UInt64* l3_table = reinterpret_cast<volatile UInt64*>(l2_table[l2_idx] & ~0xFFFUL);
+
+  l3_table[l3_idx] = (reinterpret_cast<UInt64>(physical_address) & ~0xFFFUL) | flags;
 
-  NE_UNUSED(physical_address);
+  switch (level) {
+    case 2: {
+      l3_table[l3_idx] = (reinterpret_cast<UInt64>(physical_address) & ~0xFFFUL) | flags;
+      return kErrorSuccess;
+    }
+    case 1: {
+      l1_table[l1_idx] = (reinterpret_cast<UInt64>(physical_address) & ~0xFFFUL) | flags;
+      return kErrorSuccess;
+    }
+    case 0: {
+      l1_table[l1_idx] = (reinterpret_cast<UInt64>(physical_address) & ~0xFFFUL) | flags;
+      return kErrorSuccess;
+    }
+  }
 
-  return kErrorSuccess;
+  return kErrorInvalidData;
 }
 }  // namespace Kernel::HAL
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Paging.h b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Paging.h
index 5001871b..be9fb116 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Paging.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Paging.h
@@ -86,14 +86,16 @@ namespace Detail {
     PageEnable          = 31,
   };
 
-  inline UInt8 control_register_cast(ControlRegisterBits reg) { return static_cast<UInt8>(reg); }
+  inline UInt8 control_register_cast(ControlRegisterBits reg) {
+    return static_cast<UInt8>(reg);
+  }
 }  // namespace Detail
 
 struct PDE_4KB final {
   PTE_4KB ALIGN(kPageAlign) fEntries[kPageMax];
 };
 
-auto mm_alloc_bitmap(Boolean wr, Boolean user, SizeT size, Bool is_page) -> VoidPtr;
+auto mm_alloc_bitmap(Boolean wr, Boolean user, SizeT size, Bool is_page, SizeT pad = 0) -> VoidPtr;
 auto mm_free_bitmap(VoidPtr page_ptr) -> Bool;
 }  // namespace Kernel::HAL
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Processor.h b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Processor.h
index 068b798d..68fe736c 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Processor.h
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/ARM64/Processor.h
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ enum {
 /// @param phys_addr point to physical address.
 /// @param flags the flags to put on the page.
 /// @return Status code of page manip.
-EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags);
+EXTERN_C Int32 mm_map_page(VoidPtr virtual_address, VoidPtr physical_address, UInt32 flags,
+                           UInt32 level = 2);
 
 EXTERN_C UIntPtr mm_get_page_addr(VoidPtr virtual_address);
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/POWER/HalApplicationProcessor.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/POWER/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
index daa26e53..6059e3be 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/POWER/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/POWER/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@
 
 namespace Kernel::Detail {
 STATIC void mp_hang_fn(void) {
-  while (YES)
-    ;
+  while (YES);
 }
 }  // namespace Kernel::Detail
 
diff --git a/dev/kernel/HALKit/RISCV/HalApplicationProcessor.cc b/dev/kernel/HALKit/RISCV/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
index 31d4a62e..e6fdddfb 100644
--- a/dev/kernel/HALKit/RISCV/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
+++ b/dev/kernel/HALKit/RISCV/HalApplicationProcessor.cc
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ using namespace Kernel;
 namespace Kernel {

 namespace Detail {

   STATIC void mp_hang_fn(void) {

-    while (YES)

-      ;

+    while (YES);

   }

 

 }  // namespace Detail